Course Description and Goals

Full course for one semester. This course investigates the origins and effects of the spread of nuclear weapons at international and domestic levels. It begins with a discussion of the morality of nuclear weapons, the motives different states have for obtaining them, and the problems with intelligence on states’ progress. It continues with asking what nuclear strategies have been and should be used, then moves to social constructivist critiques of conventional understandings of nuclear weapons as well as debates over the safety of such weapons. The latter half of the class concentrates on case studies of a variety of programs, including Iran and North Korea as well as proliferation networks and terrorism. Conference.

Requirements

Readings

Readings for the course will be supplied for the students on their Kindles. All students are expected to have an understanding of all of the readings. The syllabus will be updated frequently.

Course Website

Discussion and collaboration is available to you through the website; supplemental and core readings will be made available there; and assignments will be turned in electronically using the site.

Assignments

There is one assignment for this course, a lengthy (2500-5000 word) essay analyzing anything related to nuclear politics; it is due on Wednesday, December 9 at 5 PM.

Citation and Plagiarism

A major goal of this course is to encourage good reading, research, and citation habits. Good research requires good documentation of sources and the ability to put one’s own analysis and thoughts into a paper rather than relying on others. When in doubt as to whether you should cite something, always do it. Citations are required for ideas as well as facts, and are imperative even if you are not directly quoting authors. Make sure that you provide as specific a citation as possible; if an author discusses an idea in one section or one page, cite the specific section or page instead of the full article or book. I usually recommend that students use in-text author-date citation with full Chicago Manual of Style citations; see their Citation Quick Guide: <http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools˙citationguide.html>.

However, style is less important than the cites being present. If you use an idea or a fact without attribution, you are plagiarizing someone else’s work. Plagiarism and cheating are violations of academic integrity and thus violations of Reed’s Honor Principle. As specified by Reed’s academic conduct policy, such violations will result in disciplinary actions, including suspension or permanent dismissal from the College. Plagiarism is submitting a piece of work which in part or in whole is not entirely the student’s own work without attributing those same portions to their correct source. For examples of plagiarism and how to avoid it, see <http://www.csub.edu/ssric-trd/howto/plagiarism.htm> For more information on Reed’s policies see: <http://www.reed.edu/academic/gbook/comm˙pol/acad˙conduct.html>.

Accommodations

If you’d like to request academic accommodations due to a disability, please contact Learning Resources Director Libby Rapkoch, Psy.D., Dorothy Johansen House, 503-517-7921, rapkoche@reed.edu. If you have a letter from Student Services, please let me know so we can discuss those accommodations.

3-Sep: 01.2. Technology: How do you make a nuclear weapon? What can they do? (172 Pages)

• Samuel Glasstone and Philip J. Dolan (1977) Chap. 12 in The Effects of Nuclear Weapons. United States Government Printing, 541–643, ISBN 0160020360 EReading
• E. R. McConnell, G. O. Sampson, and J. M. Sharf (1956) The Effect of Nuclear Explosions on Commercially Packaged Beverages. Food and Drug Administration Technical report WT-1213 <http://www.thesmokinggun.com/archive/nuclearcan1.html> EReading
• Dietrich Schroeer (1984) Chap. 2-3 in Science, technology, and the nuclear arms race. New York, NY: Wiley, 14–71, ISBN 0471881414 EReading
• Lynn Eden (2004) City on Fire. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 60(1)January/February, 33–43 <http://dx.doi.org/10.2968/060001011> EReading

Further

• Lynn Eden (2003) Whole World on Fire. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, ISBN 0801435781
• Robert Serber (1943) The Los Alamos primer: the first lectures on how to build an atomic bomb. Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos Report LA-1 <http://www.fas.org/sgp/othergov/doe/lanl/docs1/00349710.pdf> EReading
• Herbert F. York (1976) The GAC Report of October 30, 1949. In The Advisors : Oppenheimer, Teller, and the Superbomb.  San Francisco, CA: W. H. Freeman <http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1531933>, ISBN 0716707187, 150–159 EReading

8-Sep: 02.1. The Bomb, Dread, + Eternity: The Atomic Cafe (film) (21 Pages)

• Michael Mandelbaum (1980) The Bomb, Dread, and Eternity. International Security. 5(2)Autumn, 3–23 <http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2538442> EReading

10-Sep: 02.2. Hiroshima: Why did we use the bomb? Should we have? (81 Pages)

• Hugh Gusterson (2004) Hiroshima, the Gulf War, and the Disappearing Body. In People of the Bomb: portraits of America’s nuclear complex.  Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, ISBN 0816638608. chapter 4, 63–81 EReading
• Gar Alperovitz (1995) Hiroshima: Historians Reassess. Foreign Policy.(99)Summer, 15–34 <http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1149003>, ISSN 00157228 EReading
• Barton J. Bernstein (1995) The Atomic Bombings Reconsidered. Foreign Affairs. 74(1)January/February, 135–152 <http://www.jstor.org/stable/20047025>, ISSN 00157120 EReading
• J. Samuel Walker (2005) Recent Literature on Truman’s Atomic Bomb Decision: A Search for Middle Ground. Diplomatic History. 29(2)April, 311–334 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7709.2005.00476.x> EReading

Further

• Barton J. Bernstein (1991) Eclipsed by Hiroshima and Nagasaki: Early Thinking about Tactical Nuclear Weapons. International Security. 15(4)Spring, 149–173 <http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2539014>, ISSN 01622889 EReading
• Rufus E. Miles, Jr. (1985) Hiroshima: The Strange Myth of Half a Million American Lives Saved. International Security. 10(2)Autumn, 121–140 <http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2538830>, ISSN 01622889 EReading

15-Sep: 03.1. Motives: Why do states seek the bomb? (131 Pages)

• Jacques E. C. Hymans (2006) Introduction: Life in a Nuclear-Capable Crowd. In Hymans The Psychology of Nuclear Proliferation. chapter 1, 1–15
• Jacques E. C. Hymans (2006) Leaders’ National Identity Conceptions and Nuclear Choices. In Hymans The Psychology of Nuclear Proliferation. chapter 2, 16–46
• Etel Solingen (2007) Introduction. In Solingen Nuclear Logics. chapter 1, 3–22
• Etel Solingen (2007) Alternative Logics on Denuclearization. In Solingen Nuclear Logics. chapter 2, 23–54
• Scott D. Sagan (1996/97) Why Do States Build Nuclear Weapons? Three Models in Search of a Bomb. International Security. 21(3)Winter, 54–86 <http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2539273> EReading

Further

• Jacques E. C. Hymans (2006) Theories of Nuclear Proliferation: The State of the Field. Nonproliferation Review. 13(3)November, 455–465 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10736700601071397> EReading

17-Sep: 03.2. Motives: How do we know? (120 Pages)

• Jacques E. C. Hymans (2006) Measuring Leaders’ National Identity Conceptions. In Hymans The Psychology of Nuclear Proliferation. chapter 3, 47–84
• Sonali Singh and Christopher R. Way (2004) The Correlates of Nuclear Proliferation: A Quantitative Test. Journal of Conflict Resolution. 48(6)December, 859–885 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022002704269655> EReading
• Dong-Joon Jo and Erik Gartzke (2007) Determinants of Nuclear Weapons Proliferation: A Quantitative Model. Journal of Conflict Resolution. 51(1)February, 167–194 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022002706296158> EReading
• Alexander H. Montgomery and Scott D. Sagan (2009) The Perils of Predicting Proliferation. Journal of Conflict Resolution. 53(2)April, 302–328 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022002708330581> EReading

22-Sep: 04.1. Intel: Can we really know who is seeking the bomb? (130 Pages)

• Jeffrey T. Richelson (1994) Can the Intelligence Community Keep Pace with the Threat? In Mitchell Reiss and Robert S. Litwak, editors Nuclear Proliferation after the Cold War.  Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, Woodrow Wilson Center special studies, ISBN 0943875579. chapter 13, 291–308 EReading
• Alexander H. Montgomery and Adam J. Mount (2006) Misunderestimation: Explaining US Failures to Predict Nuclear Weapons Programs. In 102nd annual meeting of the American Political Science Association.  Philadelphia, PA, 64 EReading
• Defence Intelligence Agency (1974) PRC Strategic Forces: How Much is Enough? Department of Defense Defense Intelligence Estimate DIE FE 7-74 EReading
• David Albright (2003) Iraq’s Aluminum Tubes: Separating Fact from Fiction.  <http://www.isis-online.org/publications/iraq/IraqAluminumTubes12-5-03.pdf> EReading
• National Intelligence Council (2007) Iran: Nuclear Intentions and Capabilities. Office of the Director of National Intelligence National Intelligence Estimate, 9 pages EReading

24-Sep: 04.2. Strategy: What should we do with it? (114 Pages)

• Bernard Brodie (1959) Chap. 8 in Strategy in the missile age. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 264–304 EReading
• Richard Pipes (1977) Why the Soviet-Union Thinks It Could Fight and Win a Nuclear War. Commentary. 64, 21–34 EReading
• Scott D. Sagan (2000) The Commitment Trap: Why the United States Should Not Use Nuclear Threats to Deter Biological and Chemical Weapons Attacks. International Security. 24(4)Spring, 85–115 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/016228800560318> EReading
• Department of Defense (2001) Nuclear Posture Review (Excerpts).  <http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/library/policy/dod/npr.htm> EReading
• Roger Speed and Michael May (2005) Dangerous Doctrine. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 61(2)March/April, 38–49 <http://dx.doi.org/10.2968/061002012> EReading
• Department of Defense (2009) NPR Fact Sheet: The NPR, Arms Control, and Deterrence.  <http://www.armscontrolwonk.com/file˙download/192/NPR˙Arms˙Control˙Deterrence.pdf> EReading
• Department of Defense (2009) NPR Fact Sheet: Nuclear Posture Review (NPR) Background.  <http://www.armscontrolwonk.com/file˙download/193/NPR˙Background.pdf> EReading

Further

• J. D. Crouch (2002) Special Briefing on the Nuclear Posture Review. DoD News Briefing by the Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Policy <http://www.defenselink.mil/transcripts/transcript.aspx?transcriptid=1108> EReading
• Herman Kahn (1970) Issues of Thermonuclear War Termination. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 392November, 133–172 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000271627039200113>, ISSN 00027162 EReading
• National Security Council (2006) National Security Strategy.  EReading
• Lawrence Freedman (1986) The First Two Generations of Nuclear Strategists. In Peter Paret, Gordon Alexander Craig and Felix Gilbert, editors Makers of Modern Strategy: From Machiavelli to the Nuclear Age.  Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, ISBN 0691027641. chapter 25, 735–778 EReading
• Marc Trachtenberg (1988-1989) A ”Wasting Asset”: American Strategy and the Shifting Nuclear Balance, 1949-1954. International Security. 13(3)Winter, 5–49 <http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2538735> EReading

29-Sep: 05.1. SCOT (Social Construction of Technology): What does the bomb mean? (162 Pages)

• Carol Cohn (1987) Sex and Death in the Rational World of Defense Intellectuals. Signs. 12(4)Summer, 687–718 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/494362> EReading
• Steven Flank (1993-1994) Exploding the Black Box: The Historical Sociology of Nuclear Proliferation. Security Studies. 3(2)Winter, 259–294 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09636419309347549> EReading
• Donald MacKenzie and Graham Spinardi (1995) Tacit Knowledge, Weapons Design, and the Uninvention of Nuclear Weapons. American Journal of Sociology. 101(1), 44–99 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/230699> EReading
• Hugh Gusterson (2001) The Virtual Nuclear Weapons Laboratory in the New World Order. American Ethnologist. 28(2)May, 417–437 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ae.2001.28.2.417> EReading
• Itty Abraham (2006) The Ambivalence of Nuclear Histories. Osiris. 21(1)February, 49–65 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/507135> EReading
• Geoffrey Forden (2009) PCS: The How of Proliferation. Armscontrolwonk website <http://www.armscontrolwonk.com/2410/pcs-the-how-of-proliferation> EReading
• Geoffrey Forden (2009) PCS: The How of Proliferation, Part 2. Armscontrolwonk website <http://www.armscontrolwonk.com/2413/pcs-the-how-of-proliferation-part-2> EReading

Further

• Donald A. MacKenzie (1999) Theories of Technology and the Abolition of Nuclear Weapons. In Donald A. MacKenzie and Judy Wajcman, editors The Social Shaping of Technology.  Philadelphia, PA: Open University Press, ISBN 0335199143. chapter 30, 419–442 EReading

1-Oct: 05.2. SCOT 2: How does that meaning affect what we do? (116 Pages)

• Jutta Weldes (1999) The Cultural Production of Crises: U.S. Identity and Missiles in Cuba. In Jutta Weldes, editor Cultures of Insecurity: States, Communities, and the Production of Danger.  Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, ISBN 081663307X, 35–62 EReading
• Graham T. Allison (1969) Conceptual Models and the Cuban Missile Crisis. American Political Science Review. 63(3)September, 689–718 <http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1954423> EReading
• T. V. Paul (1995) Nuclear Taboo and War Initiation in Regional Conflicts. Journal of Conflict Resolution. 39(4)December, 696–717 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022002795039004005> EReading
• Nina Tannenwald (1999) The Nuclear Taboo: The United States and the Normative Basis of Nuclear Non-Use. International Organization. 53(3)Summer, 433–468 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/002081899550959> EReading

6-Oct: 06.1. Control: What attempts have been made to keep them from it? (134 Pages)

• Bernard Baruch (1946) The Baruch Plan. Presented to the United Nations Atomic Energy Commission <http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/key-issues/nuclear-weapons/issues/arms-control-disarmament/baruch-plan˙1946-06-14.htm#> EReading
• Dwight D. Eisenhower (1953) Atoms for Peace. Speech Before the United Nations General Assembly <http://www.eisenhower.archives.gov/Research/Digital˙Documents/Atoms˙For˙Peace/New%20PDFs/Atoms˙for˙Peace˙Draft.pdf> EReading
• Treaty On The Non-Proliferation Of Nuclear Weapons.  <http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Documents/Treaties/index.html> EReading
• Emanuel Adler (1992) The Emergence of Cooperation: National Epistemic Communities and the International Evolution of the Idea of Nuclear Arms Control. International Organization. 46(1)Winter, 101–145 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0020818300001466>, ISSN 00208183 EReading
• Ariel E. Levite (2002/2003) Never Say Never Again: Nuclear Reversal Revisited. International Security. 27(3)Winter, 59–88 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/01622880260553633> EReading
• Randy Rydell (2006) Going for Baruch: The Nuclear Plan that Refused to Go Away. Arms Control Today. 36(5)June, 6 <http://www.armscontrol.org/act/2006˙06/LookingbackBaruch.asp?print> EReading
• Matthew Fuhrmann (2009) Spreading Temptation: Proliferation and Peaceful Nuclear Cooperation Agreements. International Security. 34(1)Summer, 7–41 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/isec.2009.34.1.7> EReading

Further

• George Bunn and Wolfgang K. H. Panofsky (1994) The Doctrine of the Nuclear-Weapons States and the Future of Non-Proliferation. Arms Control Today. 24(6)July/August, 3–9 EReading
• George Bunn and Jean du Preez (2007) More Than Words: The Value of U.S. Non-Nuclear-Use Promises. Arms Control Today. 37(6)July/August, 6 <http://www.armscontrol.org/act/2007˙07-08/NonUse.asp?print> EReading
• National Security Council (1950) NSC 68: United States Objectives and Programs for National Security. A Report to the President Pursuant to the President’s Directive of January 31, 1950 <http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/nsc-68/nsc68-1.htm> EReading
• Jaswant Singh (1998) Against Nuclear Apartheid. Foreign Affairs. 77(5)September-October, 41–52 <http://www.jstor.org/stable/20049049>, ISSN 00157120 EReading
• Strobe Talbott (1999) Dealing with the bomb in South Asia. Foreign Affairs. 78(2)March-April, 110–122 <http://www.jstor.org/stable/20049212>, ISSN 00157120 EReading

8-Oct: 06.2. Control: What are we doing to defend ourselves? (75 Pages)

• Treaty Between The United States Of America And The Union Of Soviet Socialist Republics On The Limitation Of Anti-Ballistic Missile Systems.  <http://www.fas.org/nuke/control/abmt/text/abm2.htm> EReading
• Richard L. Garwin (2000) A defense that will not defend. Washington Quarterly. 23(3)Summer, 109–123 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/016366000561006> EReading
• Stephen J. Hadley (2000) A call to deploy. Washington Quarterly. 23(3)Summer, 95–108 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/016366000561213> EReading
• Michael Nacht (2000) The politics: How did we get here? Washington Quarterly. 23(3)Summer, 87–94 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/016366000561204> EReading
• Michael Roston (2004) Polishing Up the Story on the PSI. National Interest.June 9, 4 EReading
• Andrew C. Winner (2005) The Proliferation Security Initiative: The New Face of Interdiction. Washington Quarterly. 28(2)Spring, 129–143 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/0163660053295211> EReading
• Sharon A. Squassoni (2006) Proliferation Security Initiative (PSI). Congressional Research Service Technical report RS21881, 6 pages EReading
• Mark J. Valencia (2007) The Proliferation Security Initiative: A Glass Half-Full. Arms Control Today. 37(5)June, 6 <http://www.armscontrol.org/act/2007˙06/Valencia.asp> EReading

13-Oct: 07.1. Impact: What has the spread of nuclear weapons led to? (145 Pages)

• Kenneth N. Waltz (1990) Nuclear Myths and Political Realities. American Political Science Review. 84(3)September, 731–745 <http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1962764> EReading
• Kyle Beardsley and Victor Asal (2009) Winning with the Bomb. Journal of Conflict Resolution. 53(2), 278–301 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022002708330386> EReading
• Erik Gartzke and Dong-Joon Jo (2009) Bargaining, Nuclear Proliferation, and Interstate Disputes. Journal of Conflict Resolution. 53(2), 209–233 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022002708330289> EReading
• Erik Gartzke and Matthew Kroenig (2009) A Strategic Approach to Nuclear Proliferation. Journal of Conflict Resolution. 53(2), 151–160 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022002708330039> EReading
• Michael Horowitz (2009) The Spread of Nuclear Weapons and International Conflict: Does Experience Matter? Journal of Conflict Resolution. 53(2), 234–257 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022002708330388> EReading
• Montgomery and Sagan, 302–328 EReading
• Robert Rauchhaus (2009) Evaluating the Nuclear Peace Hypothesis: A Quantitative Approach. Journal of Conflict Resolution. 53(2), 258–277 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022002708330387> EReading

15-Oct: 07.2. Safety: How safe are we or others in making the bomb? (96 Pages)

• Lee Clarke (1993) Drs. Pangloss and Strangelove Meet Organizational Theory: High Reliability Organizations and Nuclear Weapons Accidents. Sociological Forum. 8(4)December, 675–689 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01115218>, ISSN 08848971 EReading
• Todd R. La Porte  et al. (1994) Systems, Organizations and the Limits of Safety: a Symposium. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management. 2(4)December, 205–240 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5973.1994.tb00044.x> EReading
• Hugh Gusterson (1999) Nuclear Weapons and the Other in the Western Imagination. Cultural Anthropology. 14(1)February, 111–143 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/can.1999.14.1.111>, ISSN 08867356 EReading
• Scott D. Sagan (2004) The Problem of Redundancy Problem: Why More Nuclear Security Forces May Produce Less Nuclear Security. Risk Analysis. 24(4)August, 935–946 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00495.x> EReading

Further

• Gene I. Rochlin (1993) Defining ”High Reliability” Organizations in Practice: A Taxonomic Prologue. In Karlene H. Roberts, editor New Challenges to Understanding Organizations.  New York, NY: Macmillan, ISBN 0024020524. chapter 2, 11–32 EReading
• Scott D. Sagan (1993) The Origins of Accidents. In Sagan The Limits of Safety. chapter 1, 11–52 EReading
• Scott D. Sagan (1993) The Limits of Safety. In Sagan The Limits of Safety. chapter 6, 250–279 EReading

20-Oct: 08.1. Fall Break - No Class

22-Oct: 08.2. Fall Break - No Class

27-Oct: 09.1. Nuclear Networks: The Wrath of Khan? (138 Pages)

• Alexander H. Montgomery (2008) Proliferation Networks in Theory and Practice. In James A. Russell and James J. Wirtz, editors Globalization and WMD Proliferation: Terrorism, Transnational Networks, and International Security.  London, UK: Routledge, ISBN 9780415433945. chapter 3, 28–39 EReading
• Chaim Braun and Christopher Chyba (2004) Proliferation Rings: New Challenges to the Nuclear Nonproliferation Regime. International Security. 29(2)Fall, 5–49 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/0162288042879959> EReading
• William Langewiesche (2005) The Wrath of Khan. Atlantic Monthly.November, 23 <http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/print/200511/aq-khan>, ISSN 1072–7825 EReading
• Alexander H. Montgomery (2005) Ringing in Proliferation: How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb Network. International Security. 30(2)Fall, 153–187 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/016228805775124543> EReading
• Matthew Bunn (2007) Bombs We Can Stop. American Scientist. 95(5)September-October, 452–454 <http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=26317527> EReading
• Matthew Kroenig (2009) Importing the Bomb: Security Threats, Sensitive Nuclear Assistance, and Nuclear Proliferation. Journal of Conflict Resolution. 53(2)April, 161–180 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022002708330287> EReading

Further

• David Albright and Susan Basu (2006) India’s Gas Centrifuge Program: Stopping Illicit Procurement and the Leakage of Technical Centrifuge Know-How. Institute for Science and International Security <http://www.isis-online.org/publications/southasia/indianprocurement.pdf> EReading
• Sheena E. Chestnut (2007) Illicit Activity and Proliferation: North Korean Smuggling Networks. International Security. 32(1)Summer, 80–111 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/isec.2007.32.1.80> EReading
• Siegfried S. Hecker and William Liou (2007) Dangerous Dealings: North Korea’s Nuclear Capabilities and the Threat of Export to Iran. Arms Control Today. 37(2)March, 8 <http://www.armscontrol.org/act/2007˙03/heckerliou.asp?print> EReading
• Gaurav Kampani (2002) Second Tier Proliferation: The Case of Pakistan and North Korea. Nonproliferation Review. 9(3)Fall-Winter, 107–116 <http://cns.miis.edu/pubs/npr/vol09/93/93kamp.pdf> EReading

29-Oct: 09.2. North Korea: Pariah or Persuadable? (112 Pages)

• Etel Solingen (2007) North Korea. In Solingen Nuclear Logics. chapter 6, 118–140
• Richard L. Garwin and Frank N. von Hippel (2006) A Technical Analysis of North Korea’s Oct. 9 Nuclear Test. Arms Control Today. 36(9)November, 3 <http://www.armscontrol.org/act/2006˙11/NKTestAnalysis.asp?print> EReading
• Alexander H. Montgomery (2006) Ticking Time Bomb or Fizzle? Exploding Five Myths about the North Korean Nuclear Crisis. Program on International Security Policy Workshop, Harris School of Public Policy, University of Chicago EReading
• David Albright (2007) North Korea’s Alleged Large-Scale Enrichment Plant: Yet Another Questionable Extrapolation Based on Aluminum Tubes. Institute for Science and International Security <http://www.isis-online.org/publications/dprk/DPRKenrichment22Feb.pdf> EReading
• Hugh Gusterson (2008) Paranoid, Potbellied Stalinist Gets Nuclear Weapons: How the U.S. Print Media Cover North Korea. Nonproliferation Review. 15(1)March, 21–42 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10736700701852894> EReading
• Jacques E. C. Hymans (2008) Assessing North Korean Nuclear Intentions and Capacities: A New Approach. Journal of East Asian Studies. 8(2), 259–292 EReading
• Peter Crail (2009) N. Korean Nuclear Test Prompts Global Rebuke. Arms Control Today June EReading
• Hugh Gusterson (2009) Thinking Creatively about the North Korean Stalemate. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists website EReading
• Henry A. Kissinger (2009) The Policy Fallout from Bill Clinton’s Trip to North Korea. Washington Post Op-Ed EReading
• Thom Shanker and William J. Broad (2009) Seismic Readings Point to a Small Nuclear Test - NYTimes.com. New York Times May 26 EReading

Further

• Michael Horowitz (2004) Who’s Behind That Curtain? Unveiling Potential Leverage over Pyongyang. Washington Quarterly. 28(1)Winter, 21–44 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/0163660042518233> EReading

3-Nov: 10.1. Libya: Incompetent or Uninspired? (153 Pages)

• Etel Solingen (2007) Libya. In Solingen Nuclear Logics. chapter 10, 213–228
• Aaron W. Seeskin (2000) The Domestic Politics of Threat Perception–Explaining American ”Rogue Rage”: The Case of US.-Libyan Relations. In annual conference of the American Political Science Association.  Washington, DC, 24 EReading
• Ray Takeyh (2001) The Rogue Who Came in From the Cold. Foreign Affairs. 80(3)May-June, 62–72 <http://www.jstor.org/stable/20050151>, ISSN 00157120 EReading
• David Crawford (2004) Libya Was Far From Building Nuclear Bomb; Program Was Haphazard, But Shows How Technology Was Bought Off-the-Shelf. Wall Street Journal.February 23, 2 EReading
• Flynt L. Leverett (2004) Why Libya Gave Up on the Bomb. New York Times.January 23, 3 EReading
• Wyn Q. Bowen (2006) Libya and Nuclear Proliferation: Stepping back from the brink. International Institute for Strategic Studies, Adelphi Papers 380, 7–103, ISSN 0567–932X (Print) 1478–5145 (Online) EReading

5-Nov: 10.2. Iran: Determined or Deterrable? (146 Pages)

• Etel Solingen (2007) Iran. In Solingen Nuclear Logics. chapter 8, 164–186
• Alexander H. Montgomery (2005) Iran. In Social Action, Rogue Reaction: US Post-Cold War Nuclear Counterproliferation Strategies. . PhD 5, 95–124 EReading
• Michael McFaul, Abbas Milani, and Larry Diamond (2006/2007) A Win-Win U.S. Strategy for Dealing with Iran. Washington Quarterly. 30(1)Winter, 121–138 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/wash.2006-07.30.1.121>, ISSN 0163660X EReading
• Scott D. Sagan (2006) How to Keep the Bomb from Iran. Foreign Affairs. 85(5)September/October, 45–59 <http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&an=22049786>, ISSN 00157120 EReading
• Colin Dueck and Ray Takeyh (2007) Iran’s Nuclear Challenge. Political Science Quarterly. 122(2)June 1, 189–205 <http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AN=25519623>, ISSN 00323195 EReading
• National Intelligence Council, 9 EReading
• Scott Sagan, Kenneth Waltz, and Richard K. Betts (2007) A Nuclear Iran: Promoting Stability or Courting Disaster? Journal of International Affairs. 60(2)Spring/Summer, 135–150 <http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AN=25069438>, ISSN 0022197X EReading
• Alan Cowell (2009) U.N. Atomic Energy Chief Says Iran Wants Bomb Technology - NYTimes.com. New York Times. June 18 <http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/18/world/18nuke.html?pagewanted=print> EReading
• Paul Kerr (2009) Iran’s Nuclear Program: Status. Congressional Research Service CRS Report RL34544, 1-18 pages <http://www.isisnucleariran.org/assets/pdf/CRS˙Iran˙August2009.pdf> EReading

Further

• David Albright (2006) When could Iran get the Bomb? Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 62(4)July/August, 6 <http://dx.doi.org/10.2968/062004009> EReading

10-Nov: 11.1. Ukraine, Belarus, and South Africa: Success Stories? (141 Pages)

• John J. Mearsheimer (1993) The Case for a Ukrainian Nuclear Deterrent. Foreign affairs. 72(3)Summer, 50–66 <http://www.jstor.org/stable/20045622> EReading
• Steven E. Miller (1993) The Case against a Ukrainian Nuclear Deterrent. Foreign Affairs. 72(3)Summer, 67–80 <http://www.jstor.org/stable/20045623> EReading
• David Albright (1994) South Africa and the Affordable Bomb. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 50(4)July/August, 37–47 <http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=9407250359> EReading
• Glenn Chafetz, Hillel Abramson, and Suzette Grillot (1996) Role Theory and Foreign Policy: Belarussian and Ukranian Compliance with the Nuclear Nonproliferation Regime. Political Psychology. 17(4), 727–757 <http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3792136> EReading
• Suzette R. Grillot and William J. Long (2000) Ideas, Beliefs, and Nuclear Policies: The Cases of South Africa and Ukraine. Nonproliferation Review. 7(1)Spring, 24–40 <http://cns.miis.edu/pubs/npr/vol07/71/long71.pdf> EReading
• Peter Liberman (2001) The Rise and Fall of the South African Bomb. International Security. 26(2)Fall, 45–86 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/016228801753191132> EReading
• Helen E. Purkitt, Stephen F. Burgess, and Peter Liberman (2002) Correspondence: South Africa’s Nuclear Decisions. International Security. 27(1)Summer, 186–194 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/016228802320231271> EReading

Further

• David Albright and Mark Hibbs (1993) South Africa: The ANC and the atom bomb. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 49(3)April, 32–37 <http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=9303250858> EReading
• Frank V. Pabian (1995) South Africa’s Nuclear Weapon Program: Lessons for U.S. Nonproliferation Policy. Nonproliferation Review. 3(1)Fall, 1–19 <http://cns.miis.edu/pubs/npr/vol03/31/31pabian.pdf> EReading

12-Nov: 11.2. India, Pakistan, and Israel: Renegades or the future of Proliferation? (92 Pages)

• Jacques E. C. Hymans (2006) “We Have a Big Bomb Now”: India’s Nuclear U-Turn. In Hymans The Psychology of Nuclear Proliferation. chapter 7, 171–203
• Etel Solingen (2007) Israel. In Solingen Nuclear Logics. chapter 9, 187–212
• David Albright (1998) The shots heard ’round the world: India conducted three nuclear tests on May 11 and two on May 13. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 54(4)July/August, 20–25 <http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=790906> EReading
• Samina Ahmed (1999) Pakistan’s Nuclear Weapons Program: Turning Points and Nuclear Choices. International Security. 23(4)Spring, 178–204 <http://www.jstor.org/stable/2539298>, ISSN 01622889 EReading
• Robert Mackey (2009) Have Pakistani Nuclear Facilities Already Been Attacked? The Lede Blog - NYTimes.com EReading

Further

• Itty Abraham (1998) The Making of the Indian Atomic Bomb: Science, Secrecy and the Postcolonial State. London, UK: Zed Books, ISBN 1856496309
• David Albright and Mark Hibbs (1992) Pakistan’s bomb: Out of the closet. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 48(6)January, 38–43 <http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=f5h&AN=9208172734> EReading
• Avner Cohen (1998) Israel and the bomb. New York, NY: Columbia University Press, ISBN 0231104820
• George Perkovich (1999) India’s Nuclear Bomb: The Impact on Global Proliferation. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, ISBN 0520217721

17-Nov: 12.1. Australia, Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan: Why didn’t they? (131 Pages)

• Jacques E. C. Hymans (2006) Australia’s Search for Security: Nuclear Umbrella, Armament, or Abolition? In Hymans The Psychology of Nuclear Proliferation. chapter 5, 114–140
• Etel Solingen (2007) Japan. In Solingen Nuclear Logics. chapter 3, 57–81
• Etel Solingen (2007) South Korea. In Solingen Nuclear Logics. chapter 4, 82–99
• Etel Solingen (2007) Taiwan (Republic of China). In Solingen Nuclear Logics. chapter 5, 100–117
• Jim Walsh (1997) Surprise Down Under: The Secret History of Australia’s Nuclear Ambitions. Nonproliferation Review. 5(1)Fall, 1–20 <http://cns.miis.edu/pubs/npr/vol05/51/walsh51.pdf> EReading
• David Albright and Corey Gay (1998) Taiwan: Nuclear nightmare averted. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 54(1)January/February, 13 <http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=70038> EReading
• Jungmin Kang  et al. (2005) South Korea’s Nuclear Surprise. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 61(1)January/February, 40–49 <http://dx.doi.org/10.2968/061001011> EReading

Further

• Kurt M. Campbell and Tsuyoshi Sunohara (2004) Japan: Thinking the Unthinkable. In Campbell, Einhorn and Reiss The Nuclear Tipping Point. chapter 9, 218–253 EReading

19-Nov: 12.2. Argentina and Brazil: Did they or didn’t they? (127 Pages)

• Jacques E. C. Hymans (2006) Argentina’s Nuclear Ambition – and Restraint. In Hymans The Psychology of Nuclear Proliferation. chapter 6, 141–170
• Michael Barletta (2001) Argentine and Brazilian Nonproliferation: A Democratic Peace? In Twenty-First Century Weapons Proliferation: Are We Ready? Portland, OR: Frank Cass, ISBN 0714681377. chapter 10, 148–167 EReading
• Etel Solingen (1993) Macropolitical Consensus and Lateral Autonomy in Industrial Policy: The Nuclear Sector in Brazil and Argentina. International Organization. 47(2)Spring, 263–298 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0020818300027946> EReading
• Michael Barletta (1997) The Military Nuclear Program in Brazil. Center for International Security and Cooperation <http://iis-db.stanford.edu/pubs/10340/barletta.pdf> EReading

Further

• Julio C. Carasales (1995) The Argentine-Brazilian Nuclear Rapprochement. Nonproliferation Review. 2(3)Spring-Summer, 39–48 <http://www.cns.miis.edu/pubs/npr/vol02/23/carasa23.pdf> EReading
• Julio C. Carasales (1999) The So-Called Proliferator that Wasn’t: The Story of Argentina’s Nuclear Policy. Nonproliferation Review. 6(4)Fall, 51–64 <http://cns.miis.edu/pubs/npr/vol06/64/carasa64.pdf> EReading

24-Nov: 13.1. Terrorists: Should we worry about them? (82 Pages)

• J. Carson Mark  et al. (1987) Can Terrorists Build Nuclear Weapons? <http://www.nci.org/k-m/makeab.htm> EReading
• David Albright and Holly Higgins (2003) A Bomb for the Ummah. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 59(2)March/April, 49–55 <http://dx.doi.org/10.2968/059002012> EReading
• Graham T. Allison (2004) How to Stop Nuclear Terror. Foreign Affairs. 83(1)January/February, 64–74 <http://www.jstor.org/stable/20033829> EReading
• William C. Potter, Charles D. Ferguson, and Leonard S. Spector (2004) The Four Faces of Nuclear Terror and the Need for a Prioritized Response. Foreign Affairs. 83(3)May-June, 130–132 <http://www.jstor.org/stable/20033982> EReading
• Linda Rothstein, Catherine Auer, and Jonas Siegel (2004) Rethinking doomsday. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 60(6)November/December, 11 <http://dx.doi.org/10.2968/060006010>, ISSN 00963402 EReading
• William M. Arkin (2006) The continuing misuses of fear. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 62(5)September/October, 42–45 <http://dx.doi.org/10.2968/062005018> EReading
• Matthew Bunn and Anthony Wier (2006) Terrorist Nuclear Weapon Construction: How Difficult? Annals of The American Academy of Political and Social Science.September 10, 11 EReading
• William Langewiesche (2006) How to Get a Nuclear Bomb. Atlantic. 298(5)December, 80–98 <http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=rlh&AN=23242733> EReading
• Peter D. Zimmerman and Jeffrey G. Lewis (2006) The Bomb in the Backyard. Foreign Policy.(157)November/December, 32–39 <http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=mth&AN=22995331> EReading

Further

• Graham Allison (2004) Nuclear Terrorism. New York, NY: Times Books, ISBN 0805076514
• William Dunlop and Harold Smith (2006) Who Did It? Using International Forensics to Detect and Deter Nuclear Terrorism. Arms Control Today. 36(8)October, 6 <http://www.armscontrol.org/act/2006˙10/CVRForensics.asp> EReading
• Richard A. Falkenrath (1998) Confronting Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Terrorism. Survival. 40(3)January, 43–65 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/survival/40.3.43> EReading
• Ira Helfand, Lachlan Forrow, and Jaya Tiwari (2002) Nuclear Terrorism. British Medical Journal. 324February 9, 356–359 EReading
• Bill Keller (2002) Nuclear Nightmares. New York Times.May 26, 13 EReading
• Douglas Pasternak (2001) Too many nuclear plants are not prepared to prevent attacks. U.S. News and World Report.September 5, 3 EReading

26-Nov: 13.2. Thanksgiving Break - No Class

1-Dec: 14.1. Conclusions: What should we do about all this? (109 Pages)

• Jacques E. C. Hymans (2006) Conclusion: Lessons for Policy. In Hymans The Psychology of Nuclear Proliferation. chapter 8, 204–228
• Etel Solingen (2007) Findings, Futures, and Policy Implications. In Solingen Nuclear Logics. chapter 12, 249–300
• Kurt M. Campbell and Robert J. Einhorn (2004) Avoiding the Tipping Point: Concluding Observations. In Campbell, Einhorn and Reiss The Nuclear Tipping Point. chapter 12, 317–348 EReading
• Central Intelligence Agency Nonproliferation Center (2008) Unclassified Report to Congress on the Acquisition of Technology Relating to Weapons of Mass Destruction and Advanced Conventional Munitions.  EReading

3-Dec: 14.2. Presentations

8-Dec: 15.1. Presentations