Course Description and Goals

Full course for one semester. This course examines contemporary international nuclear politics, covering a number of historical and recent suspected nuclear weapons programs. It focuses on interactions between these potential proliferators and US policies, looking at how different states were deterred from developing nuclear programs or compelled to accelerate such programs under the influence of actions taken by the US, the Security Council, and other members of the international community. Topics covered will include the effects of military threats and promises, economic benefits and sanctions, and symbolic gestures and diplomatic insults on nuclear outcomes. Additionally, the role of faulty intelligence, clandestine proliferation networks, and nuclear assistance from third parties on both US strategies and proliferators’ programs will be explored. Conference.

Requirements

Readings

Readings for the course will be supplied for the students. All students are expected to have an understanding of all of the readings. The syllabus will be updated frequently.

Course Website

Discussion and collaboration is available to you through the website; supplemental and core readings will be made available there; and assignments will be turned in electronically using the site.

Assignments

There is one assignment for this course, a lengthy (2500-5000 word) essay analyzing anything related to nuclear politics; it is due on Friday, December 7 at 1 PM.

Citation and Plagiarism

A major goal of this course is to encourage good reading, research, and citation habits. Good research requires good documentation of sources and the ability to put one’s own analysis and thoughts into a paper rather than relying on others. When in doubt as to whether you should cite something, always do it with as specific a citation as possible; if an author discusses an idea in one section or one page, cite the specific section or page instead of the full article or book. I usually recommend that students use in-text author-date citation with full Chicago Manual of Style citations; see their Citation Quick Guide: <http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools˙citationguide.html>.

However, style is less important than the cites being present. Plagiarism and cheating are violations of academic integrity and thus violations of Reed’s Honor Principle. As specified by Reed’s academic conduct policy, such violations will result in disciplinary actions, including suspension or permanent dismissal from the College. For the purposes of this class, plagiarism is submitting a piece of work which in part or in whole is not entirely the student’s own work without attributing those same portions to their correct source. For more information see: <http://web.reed.edu/academic/gbook/comm˙pol/acad˙honesty.html>.

Accommodations

If you’d like to request academic accommodations due to a disability, please contact Associate Dean of Student Services, Sarah Parshley, Eliot 218, 503/777-7521, parshles@reed.edu. If you have a letter from Student Services, please let me know so we can discuss those accommodations.

8/29/07: 01.1. Technology: How do you make a nuclear weapon? What can they do? (161 Pages)

• Samuel Glasstone and Philip J. Dolan (1977) Chap. 12 in The Effects of Nuclear Weapons. United States Government Printing, 541–643, ISBN 0160020360 EReading
• E. R. McConnell, G. O. Sampson, and J. M. Sharf (1956) The Effect of Nuclear Explosions on Commercially Packaged Beverages. Food and Drug Administration Technical report WT-1213 <http://www.thesmokinggun.com/archive/nuclearcan1.html> EReading
• Dietrich Schroeer (1984) Chap. 2-3 in Science, technology, and the nuclear arms race. New York, NY: Wiley, 14–71, ISBN 0471881414 EReading

Further

• Robert Serber (1943) The Los Alamos primer: the first lectures on how to build an atomic bomb. Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos Report LA-1 <http://www.fas.org/sgp/othergov/doe/lanl/docs1/00349710.pdf> EReading

9/5/07: 02.1. Morality: Why did we use the bomb? Should we have? (216 Pages)

• Gar Alperovitz (1995) Hiroshima: Historians Reassess. Foreign Policy.(99), 15–34 <http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0015-7228(199522)0:99¡15:HHR¿2.0.CO;2-7>, ISSN 00157228 EReading
• Barton J. Bernstein (1991) Eclipsed by Hiroshima and Nagasaki: Early Thinking about Tactical Nuclear Weapons. International Security. 15(4), 149–173 <http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0162-2889(199121)15:4¡149:EBHANE¿2.0.CO;2-P>, ISSN 01622889 EReading
• Barton J. Bernstein (1995) The Atomic Bombings Reconsidered. Foreign Affairs. 74(1), 135–152 <http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&an=9501254895>, ISSN 00157120 EReading
• Lynn Eden (2003) Complete Ruin. In Whole World on Fire.  Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, ISBN 0801435781. chapter 1, 15–36 EReading
• Hugh Gusterson (2004) Hiroshima, the Gulf War, and the Disappearing Body. In People of the Bomb: portraits of America’s nuclear complex.  Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, ISBN 0816638608. chapter 4, 63–81 EReading
• Michael Mandelbaum (1980) The Bomb, Dread, and Eternity. International Security. 5(2), 3–23 <http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0162-2889(198023)5:2¡3:TBDAE¿2.0.CO;2-S> EReading
• Rufus E. Miles, Jr. (1985) Hiroshima: The Strange Myth of Half a Million American Lives Saved. International Security. 10(2), 121–140 <http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0162-2889(198523)10:2¡121:HTSMOH¿2.0.CO;2-Q>, ISSN 01622889 EReading
• J. Samuel Walker (2005) Recent Literature on Truman’s Atomic Bomb Decision: A Search for Middle Ground. Diplomatic History. 29(2), 311–334 EReading
• Lisa Yoneyama (1994) Taming the Memoryscape: Hiroshima’s Urban Renewal. In Jonathan Boyarin, editor Remapping memory : the politics of timespace.  Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, ISBN 0816624526. chapter 4, 99–135 EReading
• Herbert F. York (1976) The GAC Report of October 30, 1949. In The Advisors : Oppenheimer, Teller, and the Superbomb.  San Francisco: W. H. Freeman <http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1531933>, ISBN 0716707187, 150–159 EReading

9/12/07: 03.1. Motives: Why do states seek the bomb? How do we know? (303 Pages)

• Itty Abraham (2006) The Ambivalence of Nuclear Histories. Osiris. 21(1), 49–65 <http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AN=21984618> EReading
• Benjamin Frankel (1993) The Brooding Shadow: Systemic Incentives and Nuclear Weapons Proliferation. In Zachary S. Davis and Benjamin Frankel, editors The Proliferation Puzzle: Why Nuclear Weapons Spread and What Results.  Portland, OR: Frank Cass, ISBN 071464546X, 37–78 EReading
• Jacques E. C. Hymans (2006) Theories of Nuclear Proliferation: The State of the Field. Nonproliferation Review. 13(3), 455–465 EReading
• Dong-Joon Jo and Erik Gartzke (2007) Determinants of Nuclear Weapons Proliferation: A Quantitative Model. Journal of Conflict Resolution. 51(1), 167–194 <http://jcr.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/51/1/167> EReading
• Michael May (1994) Nuclear Weapons Supply and Demand. American Scientist., 526–537 EReading
• Alexander H. Montgomery (2005) PhD 1-2 In Montgomery Social Action, Rogue Reaction: US Post-Cold War Nuclear Counterproliferation Strategies, 1–33 EReading
• Alexander H. Montgomery and Adam J. Mount (2006) Misunderestimation: Explaining US Failures to Predict Nuclear Weapons Programs. In 102nd annual meeting of the American Political Science Association.  Philadelphia, PA, 64 EReading
• Tanya Ogilvie-White (1996) Is There a Theory of Nuclear Proliferation? An Analysis of the Contemporary Debate. Nonproliferation Review. 4(1), 43–60 <http://cns.miis.edu/pubs/npr/vol04/41/ogilvi41.pdf> EReading
• Jeffrey T. Richelson (1994) Can the Intelligence Community Keep Pace with the Threat? In Mitchell Reiss and Robert S. Litwak, editors Nuclear Proliferation after the Cold War.  Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, Woodrow Wilson Center special studies, ISBN 0943875579. chapter 13, 291–308 EReading
• Scott D. Sagan (1996/97) Why Do States Build Nuclear Weapons? Three Models in Search of a Bomb. International Security. 21(3), 54–86 <http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0162-2889(199624/199724)21:3¡54:WDSBNW¿2.0.CO;2-1> EReading
• Sonali Singh and Christopher R. Way (2004) The Correlates of Nuclear Proliferation: A Quantitative Test. Journal of Conflict Resolution. 48(6), 859–885 <http://jcr.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/48/6/859> EReading

9/19/07: 04.1. Strategy: What should we do with it? (272 Pages)

• Bernard Brodie (1959) Chap. 8 in Strategy in the missile age. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 264–304 EReading
• J. D. Crouch (2002) Special Briefing on the Nuclear Posture Review. DoD News Briefing by the Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Policy <http://www.defenselink.mil/transcripts/transcript.aspx?transcriptid=1108> EReading
• Department of Defense (2001) Nuclear Posture Review (Excerpts).  <http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/library/policy/dod/npr.htm> EReading
• Herman Kahn (1970) Issues of Thermonuclear War Termination. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 392, 133–172 <http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0002-7162(197011)392¡133:IOTWT¿2.0.CO;2-J>, ISSN 00027162 EReading
• National Security Council (2006) National Security Strategy.  <http://www.whitehouse.gov/nsc/nss/2006/> EReading
• Lawrence Freedman (1986) The First Two Generations of Nuclear Strategists. In Peter Paret, Gordon Alexander Craig and Felix Gilbert, editors Makers of modern strategy : from Machiavelli to the nuclear age.  Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, ISBN 0691027641. chapter 25, 735–778 EReading
• Richard Pipes (1977) Why the Soviet-Union Thinks It Could Fight and Win a Nuclear War. Commentary. 64, 21–34 EReading
• Scott D. Sagan (2000) The Commitment Trap: Why the United States Should Not Use Nuclear Threats to Deter Biological and Chemical Weapons Attacks. International Security. 24(4), 85–115 <http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0162-2889(200021)24:4¡85:TCTWTU¿2.0.CO;2-C> EReading
• Roger Speed and Michael May (2005) Dangerous Doctrine. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 61(2), 38–49 <http://thebulletin.metapress.com/content/9pmqq53321645902/fulltext.pdf> EReading
• Marc Trachtenberg (1988-1989) A ”Wasting Asset”: American Strategy and the Shifting Nuclear Balance, 1949-1954. International Security. 13(3), 5–49 <2.0.CO;2-X" class="url" >http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0162-2889(198824/198924)13:3¡5:A”AASA¿2.0.CO;2-X> EReading

9/26/07: 05.1. SCOT (Social Construction of Technology): What does the bomb mean? (294 Pages)

• Carol Cohn (1987) Sex and Death in the Rational World of Defense Intellectuals. Signs. 12(4), 687–718 <http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0097-9740(198722)12:4¡687:SADITR¿2.0.CO;2-E> EReading
• Steven Flank (1993-1994) Exploding the Black Box: The Historical Sociology of Nuclear Proliferation. Security Studies. 3(2), 259–294 EReading
• Hugh Gusterson (2001) The Virtual Nuclear Weapons Laboratory in the New World Order. American Ethnologist. 28(2), 417–437 EReading
• Donald MacKenzie and Graham Spinardi (1995) Tacit Knowledge, Weapons Design, and the Uninvention of Nuclear Weapons. American Journal of Sociology. 101(1), 44–99 EReading
• Donald A. MacKenzie (1999) Theories of Technology and the Abolition of Nuclear Weapons. In Donald A. MacKenzie and Judy Wajcman, editors The Social Shaping of Technology.  Philadelphia: Open University Press, ISBN 0335199143. chapter 30, 419–442 EReading
• Alexander H. Montgomery (1999) Reconstructing Reliability: Confidence in Nuclear Weapons under Science Based Stockpile Stewardship. masters thesis University of California, Berkeley,, 61 EReading
• Nina Tannenwald (1999) The Nuclear Taboo: The United States and the Normative Basis of Nuclear Non-Use. International Organization. 53(3), 433–468 <http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0020-8183(199922)53:3¡433:TNTTUS¿2.0.CO;2-J> EReading
• Jutta Weldes (1999) The Cultural Production of Crises: U.S. Identity and Missiles in Cuba. In Jutta Weldes, editor Cultures of insecurity : states, communities, and the production of danger.  Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, ISBN 081663307X, 35–62 EReading

10/3/07: 06.1. Safety: How safe are we or others in making the bomb? (372 Pages)

• Lee Clarke (1993) Drs. Pangloss and Strangelove Meet Organizational Theory: High Reliability Organizations and Nuclear Weapons Accidents. Sociological Forum. 8(4), 675–689 <http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0884-8971(199312)8:4¡675:DPASMO¿2.0.CO;2-R>, ISSN 08848971 EReading
• Hugh Gusterson (1999) Nuclear Weapons and the Other in the Western Imagination. Cultural Anthropology. 14(1), 111–143 <http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0886-7356(199902)14:1¡111:NWATOI¿2.0.CO;2-1>, ISSN 08867356 EReading
• Todd R. La Porte  et al. (1994) Systems, Organizations and the Limits of Safety: a Symposium. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management. 2(4), 205–240 EReading
• Gene I. Rochlin (1993) Defining ”High Reliability” Organizations in Practice: A Taxonomic Prologue. In Karlene H. Roberts, editor New challenges to understanding organizations.  New York, NY: Macmillan, ISBN 0024020524. chapter 2, 11–32 EReading
• Scott D. Sagan (1993) The Origins of Accidents. In Sagan The Limits of Safety, 11–52 EReading
• Scott D. Sagan (1993) The Limits of Safety. In Sagan The Limits of Safety, 250–279 EReading
• Scott D. Sagan (2004) The Problem of Redundancy Problem: Why More Nuclear Security Forces May Produce Less Nuclear Security. Risk Analysis. 24(4), 935–946 EReading
• Scott D. Sagan and Kenneth N. Waltz (2003) Chap. 1-5 in The Spread of Nuclear Weapons: A Debate Renewed.  2nd edition. New York, NY: W.W. Norton, 3–184, ISBN 0393977471

10/10/07: 07.1. Control: What attempts have been made to keep them from it? (233 Pages)

• Treaty Between The United States Of America And The Union Of Soviet Socialist Republics On The Limitation Of Anti-Ballistic Missile Systems.  <http://www.fas.org/nuke/control/abmt/text/abm2.htm> EReading
• Emanuel Adler (1992) The Emergence of Cooperation: National Epistemic Communities and the International Evolution of the Idea of Nuclear Arms Control. International Organization. 46(1), 101–145 <http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0020-8183(199224)46:1¡101:TEOCNE¿2.0.CO;2-Y>, ISSN 00208183 EReading
• Bernard Baruch (1946) The Baruch Plan. Presented to the United Nations Atomic Energy Commission EReading
• George Bunn and Wolfgang K. H. Panofsky (1994) The Doctrine of the Nuclear-Weapons States and the Future of Non-Proliferation. Arms Control Today. 24(6), 3–9 EReading
• George Bunn and Jean du Preez (2007) More Than Words: The Value of U.S. Non-Nuclear-Use Promises. Arms Control Today. 37(6), 6 <http://www.armscontrol.org/act/2007˙07-08/NonUse.asp?print> EReading
• Sharon A. Squassoni (2006) Proliferation Security Initiative (PSI). Congressional Research Service , 6 pages EReading
• Dwight D. Eisenhower (1953) Atoms for Peace. Speech Before the United Nations General Assembly EReading
• Richard L. Garwin (2000) A defense that will not defend. Washington Quarterly. 23(3), 109–123 <http://twq.com/summer00/garwin.pdf> EReading
• Stephen J. Hadley (2000) A call to deploy. Washington Quarterly. 23(3), 95–108 <http://twq.com/summer00/hadley.pdf> EReading
• Michael Nacht (2000) The politics: How did we get here? Washington Quarterly. 23(3), 87–94 <http://twq.com/summer00/nacht.pdf> EReading
• Treaty On The Non-Proliferation Of Nuclear Weapons.  <http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Documents/Treaties/index.html> EReading
• National Security Council (1950) NSC 68: United States Objectives and Programs for National Security. A Report to the President Pursuant to the President’s Directive of January 31, 1950 <http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/nsc-68/nsc68-1.htm> EReading
• Randy Rydell (2006) Going for Baruch: The Nuclear Plan that Refused to Go Away. Arms Control Today. 36(5), 6 <http://www.armscontrol.org/act/2006˙06/LookingbackBaruch.asp?print> EReading
• Jaswant Singh (1998) Against Nuclear Apartheid. Foreign Affairs. 77(5), 41–52, ISSN 00157120 EReading
• Strobe Talbott (1999) Dealing with the bomb in South Asia. Foreign Affairs. 78(2), 110–122, ISSN 00157120 EReading
• Mark J. Valencia (2007) The Proliferation Security Initiative: A Glass Half-Full. Arms Control Today. 37(5), 6 <http://www.armscontrol.org/act/2007˙06/Valencia.asp> EReading
• Andrew C. Winner (2005) The Proliferation Security Initiative: The New Face of Interdiction. Washington Quarterly. 28(2), 129–143 <http://twq.com/05spring/docs/05spring˙winner.pdf> EReading

Week 8: Fall Break - No Class

10/24/07: 09.1. Pakistan and Networks: The Wrath of Khan? (212 Pages)

• Samina Ahmed (1999) Pakistan’s Nuclear Weapons Program: Turning Points and Nuclear Choices. International Security. 23(4), 178–204 <http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0162-2889(199921)23:4¡178:PNWPTP¿2.0.CO;2-V>, ISSN 01622889 EReading
• David Albright (1998) The shots heard ’round the world: India conducted three nuclear tests on May 11 and two on May 13. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 54(4), 20–25 <http://www.thebulletin.org/article.php?art˙ofn=ja98albright> EReading
• David Albright and Susan Basu (2006) India’s Gas Centrifuge Program: Stopping Illicit Procurement and the Leakage of Technical Centrifuge Know-How. Institute for Science and International Security <http://www.isis-online.org/publications/southasia/indianprocurement.pdf> EReading
• David Albright and Mark Hibbs (1992) Pakistan’s bomb: Out of the closet. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 48(6), 38–43 <http://www.thebulletin.org/article.php?art˙ofn=ja92albright> EReading
• David Albright and Holly Higgins (2003) A Bomb for the Ummah. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 59(2), 49–55 <http://www.thebulletin.org/article.php?art˙ofn=ma03albright> EReading
• Chaim Braun and Christopher Chyba (2004) Proliferation Rings: New Challenges to the Nuclear Nonproliferation Regime. International Security. 29(2), 5–49 <http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/international˙security/toc/ins29.2.html> EReading
• Matthew Bunn (2007) Bombs We Can Stop. American Scientist EReading
• Gaurav Kampani (2002) Second Tier Proliferation: The Case of Pakistan and North Korea. Nonproliferation Review. 9(3), 107–116 <http://cns.miis.edu/pubs/npr/vol09/93/93kamp.pdf> EReading
• William Langewiesche (2005) The Wrath of Khan. Atlantic Monthly., 23 <http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/print/200511/aq-khan>, ISSN 1072–7825 EReading
• William Langewiesche (2006) The Point of No Return. Atlantic Monthly., 22 <http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/print/200601/aq-khan>, ISSN 1072–7825 EReading
• Alexander H. Montgomery (2005) Proliferation Networks in Theory and Practice. In Globalization and WMD Proliferation Networks: Challenges to U.S. Security.  Monterey, CA: Defense Threat Reduction Angency, 20 EReading
• Alexander H. Montgomery (2005) Ringing in Proliferation: How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb Network. International Security. 30(2), 153–187 <http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/international˙security/v030/30.2montgomery.html> EReading

10/31/07: 10.1. Libya and South Africa: Success Stories? (258 Pages)

• David Albright (1994) South Africa and the Affordable Bomb. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 50(4) <http://www.bullatomsci.org/issues/1994/ja94/ja94Albright.html> EReading
• David Albright and Mark Hibbs (1993) South Africa: The ANC and the atom bomb. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 49(3), 32–37 EReading
• Wyn Q. Bowen (2006) Libya and Nuclear Proliferation: Stepping back from the brink. Adelphi Papers. 46(380), 7–103 <http://www.metapress.com/content/w3714151g882/>, ISSN 0567–932X (Print) 1478–5145 (Online) EReading
• David Crawford (2004) Libya Was Far From Building Nuclear Bomb; Program Was Haphazard, But Shows How Technology Was Bought Off-the-Shelf. Wall Street Journal., 2 EReading
• Suzette R. Grillot and William J. Long (2000) Ideas, Beliefs, and Nuclear Policies: The Cases of South Africa and Ukraine. Nonproliferation Review. 7(1), 24–40 <http://cns.miis.edu/pubs/npr/vol07/71/long71.pdf> EReading
• Darryl Howlett and John Simpson (1993) Nuclearisation and Denuclearisation in South Africa. Survival. 35(3), 154–173, ISSN 0039–6338 EReading
• Audie Klotz (1995) Transforming a Pariah State : International Dimensions of the South-African Transition. Africa Today. 42(1-2), 75–87 EReading
• Flynt L. Leverett (2004) Why Libya Gave Up on the Bomb. New York Times., 3 EReading
• Peter Liberman (2001) The Rise and Fall of the South African Bomb. International Security. 26(2), 45–86 <http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/international˙security/toc/ins26.2.html> EReading
• Frank V. Pabian (1995) South Africa’s Nuclear Weapon Program: Lessons for U.S. Nonproliferation Policy. Nonproliferation Review. 3(1), 1–19 <http://cns.miis.edu/pubs/npr/vol03/31/31pabian.pdf> EReading
• Michael Roston (2004) Polishing Up the Story on the PSI. National Interest., 4 EReading
• Aaron W. Seeskin (2000) The Domestic Politics of Threat Perception–Explaining American ”Rogue Rage”: The Case of US.-Libyan Relations. In annual conference of the American Political Science Association.  Washington, DC, 24 EReading
• Ray Takeyh (2001) The Rogue Who Came in From the Cold. Foreign Affairs. 80(3), 62–72 <http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AN=4332068>, ISSN 00157120 EReading

11/7/07: 11.1. Argentina and Brazil: Did they or Didn’t they? (210 Pages)

• Michael Barletta (1997) The Military Nuclear Program in Brazil. Center for International Security and Cooperation , 41 pages <http://iis-db.stanford.edu/pubs/10340/barletta.pdf> EReading
• Michael Barletta (2001) Argentine and Brazilian Nonproliferation: A Democratic Peace? In Twenty-first century weapons proliferation : are we ready? Portland, OR: Frank Cass, ISBN 0714681377. chapter 10, 148–167 EReading
• Jenifer Mackby and Walter Slocombe (2004) Germany: The Model Case, a Historical Imperative. In Campbell, Einhorn and Reiss The Nuclear Tipping Point, 175–217 EReading
• Kurt M. Campbell and Tsuyoshi Sunohara (2004) Japan: Thinking the Unthinkable. In Campbell, Einhorn and Reiss The Nuclear Tipping Point, 218–253 EReading
• Julio C. Carasales (1995) The Argentine-Brazilian Nuclear Rapprochement. Nonproliferation Review. 2(3), 39–48 <http://www.cns.miis.edu/pubs/npr/vol02/23/carasa23.pdf> EReading
• Julio C. Carasales (1999) The So-Called Proliferator that Wasn’t: The Story of Argentina’s Nuclear Policy. Nonproliferation Review. 6(4), 51–64 <http://cns.miis.edu/pubs/npr/vol06/64/carasa64.pdf> EReading
• Jacques E. C. Hymans (2001) Of Gauchos and Gringos: Why Argentina Never Wanted the Bomb, and Why the United States Thought It Did. Security Studies. 10(3), 153–185 EReading
• Jean Krasno (1994) Brazil’s Secret Nuclear Program. Orbis. 38(3), 425–437 EReading

11/14/07: 12.1. North Korea and Iran: The beginning or the end of proliferation? (66 Pages)

• Alexander H. Montgomery (2005) North Korea. In Montgomery Social Action, Rogue Reaction: US Post-Cold War Nuclear Counterproliferation Strategies, 59–94 EReading
• Alexander H. Montgomery (2005) Iran. In Montgomery Social Action, Rogue Reaction: US Post-Cold War Nuclear Counterproliferation Strategies, 95–124 EReading

11/21/07: 13.1. Terrorists: Should we worry about them? (58 Pages)

• William M. Arkin (2006) The continuing misuses of fear. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 62(5), 42–45 <http://www.thebulletin.org/print.php?art˙ofn=so06arkin> EReading
• Matthew Bunn and Anthony Wier (2006) Terrorist Nuclear Weapon Construction: How Difficult? Annals of The American Academy of Political and Social Science EReading
• William Dunlop and Harold Smith (2006) Who Did It? Using International Forensics to Detect and Deter Nuclear Terrorism. Arms Control Today. 36(8), 6 <http://www.armscontrol.org/act/2006˙10/CVRForensics.asp> EReading
• Bill Keller (2002) Nuclear Nightmares. New York Times., 13 EReading
• J. Carson Mark  et al. (1987) Can Terrorists Build Nuclear Weapons? <http://www.nci.org/k-m/makeab.htm> EReading
• Douglas Pasternak (2001) Too many nuclear plants are not prepared to prevent attacks. U.S. News and World Report., 3 EReading
• Linda Rothstein, Catherine Auer, and Jonas Siegel (2004) Rethinking doomsday. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists., 11 EReading
• Peter D. Zimmerman and Jeffrey G. Lewis (2006) The Bomb in the Backyard. Foreign Policy.(157), 32–39 EReading

11/28/07: 14.1. Lessons Learned I: What should we do about all this? (32 Pages)

• Kurt M. Campbell and Robert J. Einhorn (2004) Avoiding the Tipping Point: Concluding Observations. In Campbell, Einhorn and Reiss The Nuclear Tipping Point, 317–348 EReading

12/5/07: 15.1. Lessons Learned II: What did you find?