Course Description and Goals

This course examines the historical evolution of war from a theoretical and normative perspective. What elements of war have changed over time, and what core precepts remain the same? What advances the technology of war, and how do these advances alter the conduct and outcomes of war? Why have some weapons been deemed cruel and inhumane at times and merciful at others? Who fights, and who suffers? We will explore the interrelationships among military technology, society, politics, and war, asking how different forces have shaped warfare from antiquity to the present. Prerequisite: one 200-level course in political science, one course from History 300–308, or consent of the instructor. Conference.

Students will learn to perform basic research and analysis through writing and thinking about conflict from multiple different perspectives. Readings are drawn from historic and contemporary scholars of weapons, technology, and war, cover a wide variety of issues, and are presented in historical order. Assignments are a mixture of analysis, research, and experiential learning.

Requirements

Class Participation

Students are required to actively participate in the class; they will have the opportunity to do so both during and outside of classroom hours. Beginning the third week of class, each student will be assigned to three days during the semester in which they will author a short reaction memo (300–400 words) expressing an opinion about that day’s readings. These are NOT summaries; rather, they should attempt to agree or disagree with or compare and contrast the readings. This should be posted in the forums on the course website by 8 PM the day before the readings are to be discussed. ALL students are required to read the memos and be prepared to respond to them the next day in class. Students are encouraged to respond to the postings online as part of their participation.

Readings

Readings for the course are drawn from books available at the bookstore as well as E-Readings, which can be downloaded off the course website. Readings marked “Further” are other relevant articles; they are not required for class. Students who have a particular interest in the topics in question are encouraged to read these articles and to incorporate them into their assignments. I encourage all students to use EndNote to download the class readings, take notes, and use for citing works in their papers. CUS has a page on Installing EndNote at Reed as well as a Basic Usage Guide online. However, laptops are not permitted in class unless you are taking notes and are willing to post those notes at the end of class to the Moodle site.

Four books are for sale at the bookstore and are also on reserve at the library. The library has enough copies of Keegan and Ropp on reserve that enrolled students may check out the books for the the entire semester. Since we will be reading all four throughout the semester, I strongly recommend buying copies of all four; any edition of any book will suffice. All but Biddle are available used on Amazon for essentially the cost of shipping. For further reading, Van Creveld is an entertaining source.

Course Website

Frequent reading of the course website will be helpful for success in the class. Discussion and collaboration with your peers is available to you through the website as well as in class; supplemental and core readings will be made available there; and assignments will be turned in electronically using the site.

Assignments and Quals

There are two formal assignments for this course. More details regarding the assignments will be available later. If you intend to qual in this course, you must let me know the first day. In general, I look for four things in an essay: A clear argument in the introductory paragraph, an explanation of the theories that you will be using, an illustration of your argument with direct examples, and a conclusion that discusses the implications of your findings. Note that word counts include your bibliography.

• The first assignment (due Sunday, October 2) will be a short (1500–2000 word) essay.
• The second assignment (due Sunday, December 4) will be a longer (2000–3000 word) essay.

Recommended Films

Due to restrictions on what can be demanded of students and liability problems, it is impossible for Reed College to send you to war (Your own government, on the other hand, is an entirely different matter). Consequently, the best we can do is to read about it and watch films. Below is a selection of films that you may find edifying. If time and enthusiasm permits, we may screen some of these during the semester.

Citation and Plagiarism

A major goal of this course is to encourage good reading, research, and citation habits. Good research requires good documentation of sources and the ability to put one’s own analysis and thoughts into a paper rather than relying on others. When in doubt as to whether you should cite something, always do it. Citations are required for ideas as well as facts, and are imperative even if you are not directly quoting authors. Make sure that you provide as specific a citation as possible; if an author discusses an idea in one section or one page, cite the specific section or page instead of the full article or book. I usually recommend that students use in-text author-date citation with full Chicago Manual of Style citations; see their Citation Quick Guide: <http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools˙citationguide.html>.

However, style is less important than the cites being present. If you use an idea or a fact without attribution, you are plagiarizing someone else’s work. Plagiarism and cheating are violations of academic integrity and thus violations of Reed’s Honor Principle. As specified by Reed’s academic conduct policy, such violations will result in disciplinary actions, including suspension or permanent dismissal from the College. Plagiarism is submitting a piece of work which in part or in whole is not entirely the student’s own work without attributing those same portions to their correct source. For examples of plagiarism and how to avoid it, see <http://www.csub.edu/ssric-trd/howto/plagiarism.htm> For more information on Reed’s policies see: <http://www.reed.edu/academic/gbook/comm˙pol/acad˙conduct.html>.

Plagiarism often comes as the result of a student being up against a deadline without being able to meet it. If you are having trouble meeting a deadline for whatever reason, please contact me. Because every assignment is a paper that will be handed out well in advance, I have no problem giving extensions. It is always better to ask for more time than to plagiarize.

Accommodations

If you’d like to request academic accommodations due to a disability, please contact Learning Resources Director Rebecca Cohen, Director of Disability Support Services, 503-517-7921, cohenr@reed.edu. If you have a letter from Student Services, please let me know so we can discuss those accommodations.

Theories of Outcomes, Conduct, and Technology

30-Aug: 01.1. Introduction

1-Sep: 01.2. Outcomes (105 Pages)

• Stephen D. Biddle (2004) Introduction. In Biddle Military Power. chapter 1, 1–13
• Stephen D. Biddle (2004) A Literature Built on Weak Foundations. In Biddle Military Power. chapter 2, 14–27
• Russell F. Weigley (1988) The Political and Strategic Dimensions of Military Effectiveness. In Millett and Murray Military effectiveness. chapter 10, 341–364
• Allan Reed Millett, Williamson Murray, and Kenneth H. Watman (1988) The Effectiveness of Military Organizations. In Millett and Murray Military effectiveness. chapter 1, 1–30
• D. Scott Bennett and Allan C. Stam (1998) The Declining Advantages of Democracy: A Combined Model of War Outcomes and Duration. Journal of Conflict Resolution. 42(3)June, 344–366 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022002798042003007>
• Kenneth N. Waltz (2003) Fair Fights or Pointless Wars? International Security. 28(3)Winter, 181–181 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/016228803773100129>

6-Sep: 02.1. Conduct (137 Pages)

• Barry Posen (1984) Chap. 1-2 in The Sources of Military Doctrine: France, Britain, and Germany between the World Wars. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, Cornell studies in security affairs, 13–80, ISBN 0801416337
• Richard M. Price and Nina Tannenwald (1996) Norms and Deterrence: The Nuclear and Chemical Weapons Taboos. In Katzenstein The Culture of National Security. chapter 4, 114–152
• Beth Kier (1996) Culture and French Military Doctrine before World War II. In Katzenstein The Culture of National Security. chapter 6, 186–215

Further

• Martin Levi van Creveld (1989) The Rise of Professionalism. In van Creveld Technology and War. chapter 10, 137–152
• John Keegan (1976) Old, Unhappy, Far-off Things. In Keegan The Face of Battle. chapter 1, 15–78
• Dan Reiter and Curtis Meek (1999) Determinants of Military Strategy, 1903-1994: A Quantitative Empirical Test. International Studies Quarterly. 43(2)June, 363–387 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0020-8833.00124>, ISSN 00208833
• Theodore Ropp (1962) Introduction. In Ropp War in the Modern World, 11–18

8-Sep: 02.2. Technology (96 Pages)

• Bernard Brodie and Fawn McKay Brodie (1973) Introduction. In Brodie and Brodie From Crossbow to H-Bomb, 7–13
• Irving Brinton Holley (1953) The Development of Weapons: Procedures and Doctrine. In Ideas and Weapons.  Washington, DC: Yale University Press, ISBN 0912799110. chapter 1, 4–22
• Martin Levi van Creveld (1989) Irrational Technology. In van Creveld Technology and War. chapter 5, 67–80
• Martin Levi van Creveld (1989) The Invention of Innovation. In van Creveld Technology and War. chapter 15, 217–234
• Mark C. Suchman and Dana P. Eyre (1992) Military Procurement as Rational Myth: Notes on the Social Construction of Weapons Proliferation. Sociological Forum. 7(1), 137–161 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01124759>
• Andrew F. Krepinevich (1994) Cavalry to computer; the pattern of military revolutions. National Interest.(37)Fall, 30–42

Further

• Martin Levi van Creveld (1989) Introduction. In van Creveld Technology and War, 1–8

War before 1900

13-Sep: 03.1. War Before 1450 (86 Pages)

• Bernard Brodie and Fawn McKay Brodie (1973) Antiquity. In Brodie and Brodie From Crossbow to H-Bomb. chapter 1, 14–27
• Bernard Brodie and Fawn McKay Brodie (1973) The Middle Ages. In Brodie and Brodie From Crossbow to H-Bomb. chapter 2, 28–40
• Lynn White (1962) Stirrup, Mounted Shock Combat, Feudalism, and Chivalry. In Medieval Technology and Social Change.  Oxford University Press. chapter 1, 1–37
• Ronald Hilton (1963) Technical Determinism: The Stirrup and the Plough. Past and Present. 24, 90–100 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/past/24.1.95>
• Robert D. Luginbill (1994) Othismos: The Importance of the Mass-Shove in Hoplite Warfare. Phoenix. 48(1)Spring, 51–61 <http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1192506>, ISSN 00318299

Further

• Martin Levi van Creveld (1989) Field Warfare. In van Creveld Technology and War. chapter 1, 9–24
• Martin Levi van Creveld (1989) Siege Warfare. In van Creveld Technology and War. chapter 2, 25–36
• Martin Levi van Creveld (1989) The Infrastructure of War. In van Creveld Technology and War. chapter 3, 37–50
• Martin Levi van Creveld (1989) Naval Warfare. In van Creveld Technology and War. chapter 4, 51–66

15-Sep: 03.2. Agincourt 1415 and the Hundred Years War (88 Pages)

• John Keegan (1976) Agincourt, October 25th, 1415. In Keegan The Face of Battle. chapter 2, 79–116
• M. M. Postan (1942) Some Social Consequences of the Hundred Years’ War. Economic History Review. 12(1/2), 1–12 <http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2590387>, ISSN 00130117
• Clifford J. Rogers (1993) The Military Revolutions of the Hundred Years’ War. Journal of Military History. 57(2)April, 241–278 <http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2944058>, ISSN 08993718

20-Sep: 04.1. War 1450-1830 (124 Pages)

• Theodore Ropp (1962) Land Warfare from the Renaissance to the Neoclassical Age (1415-1789). In Ropp War in the Modern World. chapter 1, 19–59
• Bernard Brodie and Fawn McKay Brodie (1973) The Impact of Gunpowder. In Brodie and Brodie From Crossbow to H-Bomb. chapter 3, 41–73
• Bernard Brodie and Fawn McKay Brodie (1973) War and Science in the 17th Century. In Brodie and Brodie From Crossbow to H-Bomb. chapter 4, 74–99
• Bernard Brodie and Fawn McKay Brodie (1973) The 18th Century and Napoleonic Wars. In Brodie and Brodie From Crossbow to H-Bomb. chapter 5, 100–123

Further

• Martin Levi van Creveld (1989) Field Warfare. In van Creveld Technology and War. chapter 6, 81–98
• Martin Levi van Creveld (1989) Siege Warfare. In van Creveld Technology and War. chapter 7, 99–110
• Martin Levi van Creveld (1989) The Infrastructure of War. In van Creveld Technology and War. chapter 8, 111–124
• Martin Levi van Creveld (1989) Command of the Sea. In van Creveld Technology and War. chapter 9, 125–136
• Philip A. Crowl (1986) Alfred Thayer Mahan: The Naval Historian. In Paret, Craig and Gilbert Makers of Modern Strategy. chapter 16, 444–480
• Theodore Ropp (1962) Naval Warfare from the Renaissance to the Neoclassical Age (1417-1789). In Ropp War in the Modern World. chapter 2, 60–75
• Theodore Ropp (1962) The Anglo-American Military Tradition. In Ropp War in the Modern World. chapter 3, 76–97

22-Sep: 04.2. Waterloo 1815 and the Napoleonic Wars (132 Pages)

• Theodore Ropp (1962) The French Revolution and Napoleon. In Ropp War in the Modern World. chapter 4, 98–142
• John Keegan (1976) Waterloo, June 18th, 1815. In Keegan The Face of Battle. chapter 3, 117–203

27-Sep: 05.1. War 1815-1900 (131 Pages)

• Theodore Ropp (1962) The First Half of the Nineteenth Century (1815-1853). In Ropp War in the Modern World. chapter 5, 143–160
• Theodore Ropp (1962) The Wars of the Mid-Nineteenth Century (1854-1871). In Ropp War in the Modern World. chapter 6, 161–194
• Bernard Brodie and Fawn McKay Brodie (1973) The 19th Century. In Brodie and Brodie From Crossbow to H-Bomb. chapter 6, 124–171
• Peter Paret (1986) Clausewitz. In Paret, Craig and Gilbert Makers of Modern Strategy. chapter 7, 186–216

Further

• Martin Levi van Creveld (1989) Mobilization Warfare. In van Creveld Technology and War. chapter 11, 153–166
• Martin Levi van Creveld (1989) Land Warfare. In van Creveld Technology and War. chapter 12, 167–182
• Martin Levi van Creveld (1989) Command of the Air. In van Creveld Technology and War. chapter 13, 183–198
• Martin Levi van Creveld (1989) Sea Warfare. In van Creveld Technology and War. chapter 14, 199–216

29-Sep: 05.2. Gettysburg 1863 and the American Civil War (98 Pages)

• Timothy H. Donovan (1982) Gettysburg. In The American Civil War.  Wayne, NJ: Avery Pub. Group, The West Point military history series, ISBN 0895293188. chapter 8, 225–260
• Craig L. Symonds (1992) Gettysburg, a battlefield atlas. Baltimore, MD: Nautical and Aviation Pub. Co. of America, 29. Pages 0-1, 14-15, 22-23, 30-31, 48-51, 56-57, 68-73, 84-90, 96-97, ISBN 187785316X
• Williamson Murray (2001) What Took the North So Long? In Donald and Cowley With My Face to the Enemy: Perspectives on the Civil War: Essays, 59–71
• Gideon Rose and Glenn W. LaFantasie (2001) The Antagonists of Little Round Top. In Donald and Cowley With My Face to the Enemy: Perspectives on the Civil War: Essays, 218–237

War between 1900 and 1945

4-Oct: 06.1. War at the turn of the Century (114 Pages)

• Theodore Ropp (1962) The Years of Uneasy Peace (1871-1914). In Ropp War in the Modern World. chapter 7, 195–238
• Ernest Dunlop Swinton (1986) The defence of Duffer’s Drift. Wayne, NJ: Avery Pub. Group, 3–72, ISBN 0895293234

6-Oct: 06.2. World War I Part 1 (136 Pages)

• Theodore Ropp (1962) The First World War. In Ropp War in the Modern World. chapter 8, 239–274
• Bernard Brodie and Fawn McKay Brodie (1973) World War One, the Use and Non-Use of Science. In Brodie and Brodie From Crossbow to H-Bomb. chapter 7, 172–199
• Stephen D. Biddle (2004) The Modern System, Preponderance, and Changing Technology. In Biddle Military Power. chapter 4, 52–77
• Stephen D. Biddle (2004) The Modern System. In Biddle Military Power. chapter 3, 28–51
• Paul M. Kennedy (1988) Military Effectiveness in the First World War. In Millett and Murray Military effectiveness. chapter 9, 329–350

Further

• Michael Howard (1984) Men against Fire: Expectations of War in 1914. International Security. 9(1)Summer, 41–57 <http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2538635>, ISSN 01622889

11-Oct: 07.1. World War I Part 2 - The Somme (111 Pages)

• John Keegan (1976) The Somme, July 1st, 1916. In Keegan The Face of Battle. chapter 4, 204–284
• Stephen D. Biddle (2004) Operation Michael—the Second Battle of the Somme, March 21–April 9, 1918. In Biddle Military Power. chapter 5, 78–107

13-Oct: 07.2. No Class

18-Oct: 08.1. Fall Break

20-Oct: 08.2. Fall Break

25-Oct: 09.1. World War II Part 1 (155 Pages)

• Theodore Ropp (1962) The Second World War. In Ropp War in the Modern World. chapter 10, 314–392
• Bernard Brodie and Fawn McKay Brodie (1973) World War Two. In Brodie and Brodie From Crossbow to H-Bomb. chapter 8, 200–232
• Phillip A. Karber  et al. (1979) Assessing the Correlation of Forces: France, 1940. BDM Corporation Technical report
• Earl F. Ziemke (1988) Military Effectiveness in the Second World War. In Millett and Murray Military effectiveness. chapter 8, 277–319

Further

• Jeffrey W. Legro (1997) Which Norms Matter? Revisiting the ”Failure” of Internationalism. International Organization. 51(1)Winter, 31–63 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/002081897550294>
• Theodore Ropp (1962) The Long Armistice (1919-1939). In Ropp War in the Modern World. chapter 9, 275–313

27-Oct: 09.2. World War II Part 2 - Normandy (80 Pages)

• Stephen D. Biddle (2004) Operation Goodwood—July 18–20, 1944. In Biddle Military Power. chapter 6, 108–131
• Carlo D’Este (1983) Chap. 20-23 in Decision in Normandy.  1st edition. New York, NY: Dutton, 352–407, ISBN 052524218X

War After World War II

1-Nov: 10.1. Conflict Post-WWII (103 Pages)

• Bernard Brodie and Fawn McKay Brodie (1973) Operations and Systems Analysis, the Science of Strategic Choice. In Brodie and Brodie From Crossbow to H-Bomb. chapter 10, 268–278
• Bernard Brodie and Fawn McKay Brodie (1973) Recent Weaponry Changes (1962-1972). In Brodie and Brodie From Crossbow to H-Bomb. chapter 11, 279–308
• Andrew Mack (1975) Why Big Nations Lose Small Wars: The Politics of Asymmetric Conflict. World Politics. 27(2)January, 175–200 <http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2009880>
• Ivan Arreguin-Toft (2001) How the Weak Win Wars : A Theory of Asymmetric Conflict. International Security. 26(2)Fall, 93–128 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/016228801753212868>

Further

• Bernard Brodie and Fawn McKay Brodie (1973) The Nuclear Revolution. In Brodie and Brodie From Crossbow to H-Bomb. chapter 9, 233–267
• Martin Levi van Creveld (1989) Computerized War. In van Creveld Technology and War. chapter 16, 235–250
• Martin Levi van Creveld (1989) Integrated War. In van Creveld Technology and War. chapter 18, 265–284
• Martin Levi van Creveld (1989) Make-Believe War. In van Creveld Technology and War. chapter 19, 285–296
• Martin Levi van Creveld (1989) Real War. In van Creveld Technology and War. chapter 20, 297–310

3-Nov: 10.2. No Class

8-Nov: 11.1. Vietnam (122 Pages)

• James M Fallows (1981) Two Weapons. In National defense.  New York, NY: Vintage Books, ISBN 0394753062. chapter 4, 76–106
• Harry G. Summers (1982) Chap. 8-9 in On Strategy: A Critical Analysis of the Vietnam War. Novato, CA: Presidio Press, 122–150, ISBN 0891411569
• Andrew F. Krepinevich (1986) Paths Untaken, Paths Forsaken. In The Army and Vietnam.  Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, ISBN 0801828635. chapter 10, 258–275
• Robert A. Pape (1990) Coercive Air Power in the Vietnam War. International Security. 15(2)Autumn, 103–146 <http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2538867>

10-Nov: 11.2. Gulf War (145 Pages)

• Stephen D. Biddle (2004) Operation Desert Storm—January 17–February 28, 1991. In Biddle Military Power. chapter 7, 132–149
• Michael R. Gordon and Bernard E. Trainor (1995) Chap. 18-20 in The Generals’ War: The inside Story of the Conflict in the Gulf.  1st edition. Boston, MA: Little Brown, 375–461, ISBN 0316321729
• Darryl G. Press (2001) The myth of air power in the Persian Gulf War and the future of warfare. International Security. 26(2)Fall, 5–44 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/016228801753191123>

Further

• Stephen Biddle (1996) Victory Misunderstood: What the Gulf War Tells Us about the Future of Conflict. International Security. 21(2)Autumn, 139–179 <http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2539073>

15-Nov: 12.1. Kosovo and Afghanistan (113 Pages)

• Barry R. Posen (2000) The War for Kosovo: Serbia’s Political-Military Strategy. International Security. 24(4)Spring, 39–84 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/016228800560309>
• Andrew L. Stigler (2002/2003) A clear victory for air power - NATO’s empty threat to invade Kosovo. International Security. 27(3)Winter, 124–157 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/01622880260553651>
• Michael E. O’Hanlon (2002) A flawed masterpiece. Foreign Affairs. 81(3)May-June, 47–63 <http://www.jstor.org/stable/20033162>, ISSN 00157120
• Stephen Biddle (2003) Afghanistan and the future of warfare. Foreign Affairs. 82(2)March-April, 31–46 <http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20033502>, ISSN 00157120

Further

• Stephen D. Biddle (2005/06) Allies, Airpower, and Modern Warfare: The Afghan Model in Afghanistan and Iraq. International Security. 30(3)Winter, 161–176 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/isec.2005.30.3.161>, ISSN 0162–2889

17-Nov: 12.2. Lebanon (113 Pages)

• Sarah E. Kreps (2006) The 2006 Lebanon War: Lessons Learned. PARAMETERS, US Army War College Quarterly.Spring, 72–84 <http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=mth&AN=24850803>
• Paul Salem (2006) The Future of Lebanon. Foreign Affairs. 85(6)November-December, 13–22 <http://www.jstor.org/stable/20032139>
• Stephen D. Biddle and Jeffrey A. Friedman (2008) The 2006 Lebanon Campaign and the Future of Warfare: Implications for Army and Defense Policy. September Strategic Studies Institute

Further

• Ethan Bronner (2010) Israel Poised to Challenge a U.N. Report on Gaza. New York Times.January 24, 3 <http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/24/world/middleeast/24goldstone.html?pagewanted=print>, ISSN 0362–4331
• Richard Goldstone (2009) Report of the United Nations Fact Finding Mission on the Gaza Conflict, Executive Summary. United Nations Human Rights Council Report A/HRC/12/48, 25 pages

22-Nov: 13.1. A Revolution in Military Affairs? (76 Pages)

• Stephen D. Biddle (2004) Conclusion. In Biddle Military Power. chapter 10, 190–208
• Stephen Biddle (2005) Military Power: A Reply. Journal of Strategic Studies. 28(3), 453–469 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01402390500154403>, ISSN 01402390
• Eliot A. Cohen (2005) Stephen Biddle on Military Power. Journal of Strategic Studies. 28(3), 413–424 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01402390500137259>, ISSN 01402390
• Lawrence Freedman (2005) A Theory of Battle or a Theory of War? Journal of Strategic Studies. 28(3), 425–436 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01402390500137275>, ISSN 01402390
• Martin Van Creveld (2005) Less Than Meets the Eye. Journal of Strategic Studies. 28(3), 449–452 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01402390500137341>, ISSN 01402390
• Michael Horowitz and Stephen Rosen (2005) Evolution or Revolution? Journal of Strategic Studies. 28(3), 437–448 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01402390500137317>, ISSN 01402390

Further

• Stephen D. Biddle (2004) Statistical Tests. In Biddle Military Power. chapter 8, 150–180
• Stephen D. Biddle (2004) Experimental Tests. In Biddle Military Power. chapter 9, 181–189

Contemporary Issues

24-Nov: 13.2. Thanksgiving Break

29-Nov: 14.1. Who Suffers? (129 Pages)

• Inger Skjelsbaek (2001) Sexual Violence and War: Mapping out a Complex Relationship. European Journal of International Relations. 7(2), 211–237 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354066101007002003>
• R. Charli Carpenter (2003) ’Women and Children First’: Gender, Norms, and Humanitarian Evacuation in the Balkans 1991-95. International Organization. 57(4)Autumn, 661–694 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S002081830357401X>
• Elisabeth Jean Wood (2006) Variation in Sexual Violence during War. Politics and Society. 34(3), 307–342 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0032329206290426>
• Dara Kay Cohen (2007) Explaining Sexual Violence during Civil War: Evidence from Sierra Leone (1991-2002). October 23 Stanford Workshop in International Relations

Further

• Lynda E. Boose (2002) Crossing the River Drina: Bosnian Rape Camps, Turkish Impalement, and Serb Cultural Memory. Signs. 28(1, Gender and Cultural Memory)Autumn, 71–96 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/340921>, ISSN 00979740
• Alexander B. Downes (2006) Desperate Times, Desperate Measures. International Security. 30(4)Spring, 152–195 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/isec.2006.30.4.152>

1-Dec: 14.2. Who Fights? (83 Pages)

• George Q. Flynn (1998) Conscription and Equity in Western Democracies, 1940-75. Journal of Contemporary History. 33(1)January, 5–20 <http://www.jstor.org/stable/260994>, ISSN 00220094
• Elizabeth Kier (1998) Homosexuals in the U.S. Military: Open Integration and Combat Effectiveness. International Security. 23(2)Autumn, 5–39 <http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2539378>
• Martin L. van Creveld (2000) The Great Illusion: Women in the Military. Millennium - Journal of International Studies. 29(2), 429–442 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03058298000290021101>
• Christopher Coker (2000) Humanising Warfare, or Why Van Creveld May be Missing the ‘Big Picture’. Millennium - Journal of International Studies. 29(2), 449–460 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03058298000290020201>
• Jean Bethke Elshtain (2000) ‘Shooting’ at the Wrong Target: A Response to Van Creveld. Millennium - Journal of International Studies. 29(2), 443–448 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03058298000290021201>

Further

• Aaron Belkin and Melissa Sheridan Embser-Herbert (2002) A Modest Proposal: Privacy as a Flawed Rationale for the Exclusion of Gays and Lesbians from the U.S. Military. International Security. 27(2)Fall, 178–197 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/016228802760987860>

6-Dec: 15.1. The Future of War (126 Pages)

• John Keegan (1976) The Future of Battle. In Keegan The Face of Battle. chapter 5, 285–336
• Stephen Biddle (1998) The Past as Prologue: Assessing Theories of Future Warfare. Security Studies. 8(1)Autumn, 1–74

Further

• Martin Levi van Creveld (1989) Conclusions: The Logic of Technology and War. In van Creveld Technology and War. chapter 21, 311–320