Course Description and Goals

This course examines contemporary problems of war and peace from a historical and theoretical perspective. What were the causes of war in the past and what can we learn from that experience? What strategies do actors in the international system use to employ force, and how have they changed in the nuclear age? What are the current problems facing decisionmakers today? The course begins with a review of political, psychological, organizational, economic, and nationalist theories of the causes of war, then uses these theories to examine the origins and character of both historical and contemporary conflicts, including the First and Second World Wars and the Iraq War. It continues by examining the effects on conflict of the nuclear revolution. The course concludes by examining the major contemporary threats to national and international security that may be faced in the coming decade.

Students will learn to perform basic research and analysis through writing and thinking about conflict from multiple different perspectives. Readings are drawn from historic and contemporary scholars of strategy, war, and politics, cover a wide variety of issues, and are presented in context with historical and contemporary events. Assignments are a mixture of analysis, research, and experiential learning.

Requirements

Class Participation

Students will have the opportunity participate in the class both during and outside of classroom hours. Each student will be assigned to two days during the semester in which they will co-author a short memo (500 or so words) comparing and contrasting that day’s readings and posing questions for discussion. These memos should be posted in the forums on the course website by 8 PM the day before the readings are to be discussed. Students are encouraged to respond to the memos as part of their participation.

Readings

Readings for the course are drawn from books available at the bookstore as well as E-Readings, which can be downloaded off the course website. For the lazy, the E-Readings can even be downloaded directly from the links on the syllabus. Readings marked “Further” are other relevant articles; they are not required for class.

Four books are for sale at the bookstore and are also on reserve at the library; Note that the Betts volume is the 2002 second edition, not the 2005 updated second edition. The relevant part (that is, all of it) of The Art of War is available on E-Readings as well, so purchasing the book is recommended, not required. Similarly, since those of you who have taken POL 240 from me already have a copy of Sagan and Waltz (and because we only use it one day), it is also recommended. Finally, those who are generally interested in the study of war classics may wish to purchase a copy of Clausewitz; make sure that you get the version edited by Michael Howard and Peter Paret, not the bowdlerized version by Anatol Rapoport. The Baker-Hamilton report is available as a PDF, but you can order a paperback version as well.

Required

• Richard K. Betts, editor (2002) Conflict after the Cold War : arguments on causes of war and peace.  2nd edition. New York: Longman, ISBN 0321081706
• Robert J. Art and Kenneth N. Waltz, editors (2004) The use of force : military power and international politics.  6th edition. Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield, ISBN 0742525570

Recommended

• Sun Tzu; Samuel B. Griffith, editor (1971) The Art of War.  Oxford University Press <http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/8425879>, ISBN 0195014766
• Scott D. Sagan and Kenneth N. Waltz (2003) The Spread of Nuclear Weapons: A Debate Renewed.  2nd edition. New York, NY: W.W. Norton <http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/49531095>, ISBN 0393977471

Optional

• Carl von Clausewitz; Michael Eliot Howard and Peter Paret, editors (1993) On War (Everyman’s Library).  New York, NY: Knopf <http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/27216555>, ISBN 0679420436;9780679420439
• James A. Baker, III and Lee H. Hamilton, editors (2006) The Iraq Study Group report. New York: Vintage Books <http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS76748>, ISBN 0307386562

Students are also expected to keep up with world events through daily reading of international news. Recommended news sites will be posted on the course web site and on the online library research guide, available at <http://library.reed.edu/instruction/politicalscience/pol240.html>.

Course Website

Frequent reading of the course website will be helpful for success in the class. Discussion and collaboration with your peers is available to you through the website as well as in class; supplemental and core readings will be made available there; and assignments will be turned in electronically using the site.

Assignments and Quals

There are two formal assignments for this course. More details regarding the assignments will be available later. If you intend to qual in this course, you must let me know the first day.

• The first assignment (due the beginning of week 7) will be a short (1600-2000 word) essay
• The second assignment (due the end of week 14) will be a longer (3000-3500 word) essay

Citation and Plagiarism

A major goal of this course is to encourage good reading, research, and citation habits. Good research requires good documentation of sources and the ability to put one’s own analysis and thoughts into a paper rather than relying on others. Plagiarism and cheating are violations of academic integrity and thus violations of Reed’s Honor Principle. As specified by Reed’s academic conduct policy, such violations will result in disciplinary actions, including suspension or permanent dismissal from the College. For the purposes of this class, plagiarism is submitting a piece of work which in part or in whole is not entirely the student’s own work without attributing those same portions to their correct source. For more information see: <http://web.reed.edu/academic/gbook/comm˙pol/acad˙honesty.html>.

Accommodations

If you’d like to request academic accommodations due to a disability, please contact Assistant Dean of Student Services, Adrienne Wolf-Lockett, Eliot 109, (503)777-7534. If you have a letter from Student Services, please let me know so we can discuss those accommodations.

Schedule

01.1.Introduction (26 Pages)

• J. David Singer (1960) International Conflict: Three Levels of Analysis. World Politics: A Quarterly Journal of International Relations. 12(3), 453–461 <EReadings/Singer1960International.pdf>, ISSN 00438871
• Kenneth N. Waltz (1979) Chap. 1 in Theory of International Politics.  1st edition. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill <EReadings/Waltz1979Theory001-017.pdf>, 1–17, ISBN 0201083493;0075548526

01.2.War + Morality (46 Pages)

• Niccolo Machiavelli (2002) Doing Evil in Order to Do Good. In Betts Conflict after the Cold War, 42–46
• Edward Hallett Carr (2002) Realism and Idealism. In Betts Conflict after the Cold War, 51–67
• Geoffrey Blainey (2002) Power, Culprits, and Arms. In Betts Conflict after the Cold War, 87–98
• William James (2002) The Moral Equivalent of War. In Betts Conflict after the Cold War, 145–151 <EReadings/Betts2002Conflict145-151.pdf>
• Margaret Mead (2002) Warfare Is Only an Invention - Not a Biological Necessity. In Betts Conflict after the Cold War, 165–169

Review

• Hans J. Morgenthau (2005) Six Principles of Political Realism. In Art and Jervis, 7–14 <EReadings/ArtJervis2005International007-014.pdf>
• J. Ann Tickner (2005) A Critique of Morgenthau’s Principles of Political Realism. In Art and Jervis, 15–28 <EReadings/ArtJervis2005International015-028.pdf>
• Thucydides (2002) The Melian Dialogue. In Betts Conflict after the Cold War, 37–41
• Thomas Hobbes (2002) The State of Nature and the State of War. In Betts Conflict after the Cold War, 47–50
• Michael Walzer (1977) Chap. 1-2 in Just and unjust wars: a moral argument with historical illustrations. New York, NY: Basic Books <EReadings/Walzer1977Just1-2.pdf>, 1–33, ISBN 0465037046

02.1.Grand Theories of War (119 Pages)

• Carl von Clausewitz; Michael Eliot Howard and Peter Paret, editors (1993) Chap. 1.1-1.2 In von Clausewitz On War<EReadings/Clausewitz1993On-War-Everymans1.1-1.2.pdf>, 83–114
• Sun Tzu; Samuel B. Griffith, editor (1971) Chap. I-XIII In Tzu The Art of War<EReadings/Tzu1971The-art-of-war63-149.pdf>, 63–149
• Sun Tzu (1971) Foreword. In Tzu The Art of War, v–vii <EReadings/Tzu1971The-art-of-warv-vii.pdf>

Further

• Robert J. Art (2004) The Fungibility of Force. In Art and Waltz, 3–22

02.2.International Politics-Power Balancing (100 Pages)

• Stephen M. Walt (2005) Alliances: Balancing and Bandwagoning. In Art and Jervis, 96–103 <EReadings/ArtJervis2005International096-103.pdf>
• Stephen Van Evera (2004) Offense, Defense, and the Causes of War. In Art and Waltz, 44–69
• Kenneth N. Waltz (2002) The Origins of War in Neorealist Theory. In Betts Conflict after the Cold War, 68–74
• Robert Jervis (2003) The Compulsive Empire. Foreign Policy.(137), 82–87 <EReadings/Jervis2003The-Compulsive.pdf>, ISSN 0015–7228
• John J. Mearsheimer (2001) The Causes of Great Power War. In The Tragedy of Great Power Politics.  New York, NY: Norton <EReadings/Mearsheimer2001Tragedy334-359.pdf>, ISBN 0393020258. chapter 9, 334–359
• Joseph S. Nye, Jr. (2000) Balance of Power and World War I. In Nye Understanding international conflicts, 54–80 <EReadings/Nye2000Understanding054-080.pdf>

Further

• Robert Jervis (2002) Cooperation Under the Security Dilemma. In Betts Conflict after the Cold War, 400–415
• Scott D. Sagan (2002) 1914 Revisited. In Betts Conflict after the Cold War, 416–428
• Jack S. Levy (2002) The Offensive/Defensive Balance of Military Technology. In Betts Conflict after the Cold War, 429–440

03.1.International Politics-Power Transitions (60 Pages)

• Robert Gilpin (2002) Hegemonic War and International Change. In Betts Conflict after the Cold War, 75–86
• Imanuel Geiss (1966) The Outbreak of the First World War and German War Aims. Journal of Contemporary History. 1(3), 75–91 <EReadings/Geiss1966The-Outbreak.pdf>
• Frederick W. Kagan (2003) War Sooner Rather than War Later. Weekly Standard., 19–20 <EReadings/Kagan2003War-Sooner.pdf>
• Jack S. Levy (1987) Declining Power and the Preventive Motivation for War. World Politics. 40(1), 82–107 <EReadings/Levy1987Declining.pdf>
• James A. Russell and James J. Wirtz (2002) Preventive War against Iraq. Strategic Insights. 1(9), 1–3 <EReadings/RussellWirtz2002Preventive.pdf>

Further

• Paul M. Kennedy (1984) The First World War and the International Power System. International Security. 9(1), 7–40 <EReadings/Kennedy1984The-First.pdf>
• Richard Ned Lebow (1984) Windows of Opportunity: Do States Jump Through Them? International Security. 9(1), 147–186 <EReadings/Lebow1984Windows.pdf>

03.2.International Politics-Money (92 Pages)

• Norman Angell (2002) The Great Illusion. In Betts Conflict after the Cold War, 232–233
• Geoffrey Blainey (2002) Paradise Is a Bazaar. In Betts Conflict after the Cold War, 234–241
• V. I. Lenin (2002) Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism. In Betts Conflict after the Cold War, 242–248
• Joseh Schumpeter (2002) Imperialism and Capitalism. In Betts Conflict after the Cold War, 249–257
• Kenneth N. Waltz (2002) Structural Causes and Economic Effects. In Betts Conflict after the Cold War, 270–279
• Richard Rosecrance (2002) Trade and Power. In Betts Conflict after the Cold War, 280–292
• Michael T. Klare (2003) The Coming War With Iraq: Deciphering the Bush Administration’s Motives. Foreign Policy In Focus., 1–6 <EReadings/Klare2003The-Coming.pdf>
• David M. Rowe (1999) World Economic Expansion and National Security in Pre-World War I Europe. International Organization. 53(2), 195–231 <EReadings/Rowe1999World.pdf>

Further

• Niccolo Machiavelli (2002) Money Is Not the Sinews of War, Although It Is Generally So Considered. In Betts Conflict after the Cold War, 229–231
• Alan S. Milward (2002) War as Policy. In Betts Conflict after the Cold War, 258–269

04.1.Nationalism (130 Pages)

• Hedley Bull (2002) Society and Anarchy in International Relations. In Betts Conflict after the Cold War, 110–120
• Alexander Wendt (2002) Anarchy Is What States Make of It. In Betts Conflict after the Cold War, 170–190
• Ernest Gellner (2002) Nations and Nationalism. In Betts Conflict after the Cold War, 324–334
• Stephen van Evera (1994) Hypotheses on Nationalism and War. International Security. 18(4), 5–39 <EReadings/Evera1994Hypotheses.pdf>, ISSN 01622889
• Marc Lynch (2003) Taking Arabs Seriously. Foreign Affairs. 82(5), 81–94 <EReadings/Lynch2003Taking.pdf>
• Ido Oren (1995) The Subjectivity of the ”Democratic” Peace: Changing U.S. Perceptions of Imperial Germany. International Security. 20(2), 147–184 <EReadings/Oren1995The-Subjectivity.pdf>, ISSN 01622889

05.1.Domestic Politics (113 Pages)

• Jack Snyder (2004) The Cult of the Offensive in 1914. In Art and Waltz, 121–137
• Hein E. Goemans (2000) Introduction. In Goemans War and punishment, 3–18 <EReadings/Goemans2000War-and-punishment01.pdf>
• Hein E. Goemans (2000) Conclusion. In Goemans War and punishment, 310–324 <EReadings/Goemans2000War-and-punishment10.pdf>
• Chaim Kaufmann (2004) Threat Inflation and the Failure of the Marketplace of Ideas: The Selling of the Iraq War. International Security. 29(1), 5–48 <EReadings/Kaufmann2004Threat.pdf>
• Jack S. Levy (1988) Domestic Politics and War. Journal of Interdisciplinary History. 18(4), 653–673 <EReadings/Levy1988Domestic.pdf>

Further

• Edward D. Mansfield and Jack Snyder (2002) Democratization and War. In Betts Conflict after the Cold War, 335–347
• Arno J. Mayer (1967) Domestic Causes of the First World War. In The Responsibility of Power: Historical Essays in Honor of Hajo Holborn. Edited by Leonard Krieger and Fritz Stern. Garden City, NY: Doubleday <EReadings/Mayer1967Domestic.pdf>, ISBN 0333015193, 286–300

05.2.Organizations (92 Pages)

• Barry R. Posen (2004) The Sources of Military Doctrine. In Art and Waltz, 23–43
• Seymour M. Hersh (2003) Selective Intelligence: Donald Rumsfeld has his own special sources. Are they reliable? New Yorker. 79(11), 44–53 <EReadings/Hersh2003Selective.pdf>
• Jack S. Levy (1986) Organizational Routines and the Causes of War. International Studies Quarterly. 30(2), 193–222 <EReadings/Levy1986Organizational.pdf>
• Marc Trachtenberg (1990-1991) The Meaning of Mobilization in 1914. International Security. 15(3), 120–150 <EReadings/Trachtenberg1990The-Meaning.pdf>

06.1.Psychology (109 Pages)

• Sigmund Freud (2002) Why War? In Betts Conflict after the Cold War, 152–159
• Franco Fornari (2002) The Psychoanalysis of War. In Betts Conflict after the Cold War, 160–164
• James Fallows (2004) Blind into Baghdad. Atlantic. 293(1), 52–74 <EReadings/Fallows2004Blind.pdf>, ISSN 1072–7825
• Robert Jervis (1988) War and Misperception. Journal of Interdisciplinary History. 18(4), 675–700 <EReadings/Jervis1988War-and-Misperception.pdf>
• Richard Ned Lebow (1981) Chap. 5 in Between peace and war : the nature of international crisis. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press <EReadings/Lebow1981Between101-147.pdf>, 101–147, ISBN 0801823110;9780801823114

07.1.Deterrence (98 Pages)

• John J. Mearsheimer (2004) Hitler and the Blitzkrieg Strategy. In Art and Waltz, 138–152
• George Sansom (2004) Japan’s Fatal Blunder. In Art and Waltz, 153–164
• John J. Mearsheimer (1983) Conventional deterrence. In Conventional deterrence.  Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press <EReadings/Mearsheimer1983Conventional023-066.pdf>, ISBN 0801415691;9780801415692. chapter 2, 23–66
• Joseph S. Nye, Jr. (2000) The Failure of Collective Security and World War II. In Nye Understanding international conflicts, 81–107 <EReadings/Nye2000Understanding081-107.pdf>

Further

• Scott D. Sagan (1988) The Origins of the Pacific War. Journal of Interdisciplinary History. 18(4), 893–922 <EReadings/Sagan1988The-Origins.pdf>, ISSN 00221953
• Janice Gross Stein (1992) Deterrence and Compellence in the Gulf, 1990-91: A Failed or Impossible Task? International Security. 17(2), 147–179 <EReadings/Stein1992Deterrence.pdf>

07.2.Compellence (80 Pages)

• Alexander L. George (2004) Coercive Diplomacy. In Art and Waltz, 70–76
• Louis Morton (2004) The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb. In Art and Waltz, 165–180
• Robert Anthony Pape (1996) Explaining Military Coercion. In Pape Bombing to win, 12–38 <EReadings/Pape1996Bombing012-038.pdf>
• Robert Anthony Pape (1996) Germany, 1942-1945. In Pape Bombing to win, 254–283 <EReadings/Pape1996Bombing254-283.pdf>

Further

• Steven L. Burg (2004) Coercive Diplomacy in the Balkans. In Art and Waltz, 247–269
• Robert Anthony Pape (1996) Japan, 1944-1945. In Pape Bombing to win, 87–136 <http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/33334826>

09.1.Nuclear Proliferation (182 Pages)

• Scott D. Sagan and Kenneth N. Waltz (2003) Chap. 1-5 In Sagan and Waltz The Spread of Nuclear Weapons<http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/49531095>, 3–184

09.2.Nuclear Diplomacy (92 Pages)

• McGeorge Bundy (2004) The Unimpressive Record of Atomic Diplomacy. In Art and Waltz, 85–93
• Robert Jervis (2004) The Utility of Nuclear Deterrence. In Art and Waltz, 94–101
• Kenneth N. Waltz (2004) Nuclear Myths and Political Realities. In Art and Waltz, 102–118
• Morton H. Halperin (2004) The Korean War. In Art and Waltz, 181–196
• Roger Dingman (1988-1989) Atomic Diplomacy during the Korean War. International Security. 13(3), 50–91 <EReadings/Dingman1988Atomic.pdf>

Further

• Scott D. Sagan (2000) The Commitment Trap: Why the United States Should Not Use Nuclear Threats to Deter Biological and Chemical Weapons Attacks. International Security. 24(4), 85–115 <EReadings/Sagan2000The-Commitment.pdf>

10.1.Nuclear Crises (100 Pages)

• Graham Allison (1969) Conceptual Models and the Cuban Missile Crisis. American Political Science Review. 63(3), 689–718 <EReadings/Allison1969Conceptual.pdf>
• David A. Welch, James G. Blight, and Bruce J. Allyn (2004) The Cuban Missile Crisis. In Art and Waltz, 197–220
• W. Burr and J. T. Richelson (2000/2001) Whether to ”strangle the baby in the cradle” - The United States and the Chinese Nuclear Program, 1960-64. International Security. 25(3), 54–99 <EReadings/BurrRichelson2000Whether.pdf>

10.2.Nuclear Defense (51 Pages)

• Victor A. Utgoff (2004) Missile Defence and American Ambitions. In Art and Waltz, 333–346
• Kenneth N. Waltz (2004) Missile Defenses and the Multiplication of Nuclear Weapons. In Art and Waltz, 347–352
• Samuel P. Huntington (2002) Arms Races: Prerequisites and Results. In Betts Conflict after the Cold War, 379–399
• Charles H. Fairbanks, Jr. and Abram N. Shulsky (2002) Arms Control: The Historical Experience. In Betts Conflict after the Cold War, 441–450

Further

• Barry R. Posen (2004) What if Iraq Had Nuclear Weapons? In Art and Waltz, 353–369
• Charles Glaser and Steve Fetter (2001) National Missile Defense and the Future of U.S. Nuclear Weapons Policy. International Security. 26(1), 40–92 <EReadings/GlaserFetter2001National.pdf>

11.1.American Empire (146 Pages)

• Christopher Layne (2004) From Preponderance to Offshore Balancing. In Art and Waltz, 283–298
• Robert J. Art (2004) The Strategy of Selective Engagement. In Art and Waltz, 299–320
• G. John Ikenberry (2004) America’s Imperial Ambition. In Art and Waltz, 321–332
• James A. Baker, III and Lee H. Hamilton, editors (2006) The Iraq Study Group report. In Baker and Hamilton The Iraq Study Group report<EReadings/BakerHamilton2006The-Iraq001-096.pdf>, 1–96

11.2.Insurgencies (77 Pages)

• John Lewis Gaddis (2004) Implementing Flexible Response: Vietnam as a Test Case. In Art and Waltz, 221–246
• T. E. Lawrence (2005) Science of Guerrilla Warfare. In Betts Conflict after the Cold War, 449–456 <EReadings/Betts2005Conflict449-456.pdf>
• Tse-Tung Mao (2005) On Guerrilla Warfare. In Betts Conflict after the Cold War, 457–466 <EReadings/Betts2005Conflict457-466.pdf>
• Stephen Biddle (2006) Seeing Baghdad, Thinking Saigon. Foreign Affairs. 85(2), 2–14 <EReadings/Biddle2006Seeing.pdf>
• Larry Diamond  et al. (2006) What to do in Iraq: A Roundtable. Foreign Affairs. 85(4), 150–169 <EReadings/DiamondDobbins2006What.pdf>

12.1.Ethnic Conflict (113 Pages)

• Chaim Kaufmann (2004) Intervention in Ethnic and Ideological Civil Wars. In Art and Waltz, 394–414
• Chaim Kaufmann (2002) Possible and Impossible Solutions to Ethnic Civil Wars. In Betts Conflict after the Cold War, 348–365
• Radha Kumar (2002) The Troubled History of Partition. In Betts Conflict after the Cold War, 366–374
• Richard K. Betts (2002) The Delusion of Impartial Intervention. In Betts Conflict after the Cold War, 537–547
• V. P. Gagnon (1994-1995) Ethnic Nationalism and International Conflict: The Case of Serbia. International Security. 19(3), 130–166 <EReadings/Gagnon1995Ethnic.pdf>
• Vali Nasr (2006) When the Shiites Rise. Foreign Affairs. 85(4), 58–74 <EReadings/Nasr2006When.pdf>

Further

• Barry R. Posen (1993) The Security Dilemma and Ethnic Conflict. Survival. 35(Spring), 27–47 <EReadings/Posen1993The-Security.pdf>

12.2.Terrorism (87 Pages)

• Brian M. Jenkins (2004) International Terrorism. In Art and Waltz, 77–84
• Walter Laqueur (2004) The Changing Face of Terror. In Art and Waltz, 450–457
• Brahma Chellaney (2004) Lessons from Fighting Terrorism in Southern Asia. In Art and Waltz, 458–462
• Richard A. Falkenrath, Robert D. Newman, and Bradley A. Thayer (2004) America’s Achilles Heel: Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Terrorism and Covert Attack. In Art and Waltz, 463–468
• Paul R. Pillar (2004) Dealing with Terrorists. In Art and Waltz, 469–476
• Richard K. Betts (2002) The Soft Underbelly of American Primacy: Tactical Advantages of Terror. Political Science Quarterly. 117(1), 19–36 <EReadings/Betts2002The-Soft.pdf>, ISSN 0032–3195
• Martha Crenshaw (2005) The Strategic Logic of Terrorism. In Betts Conflict after the Cold War, 491–504 <EReadings/Betts2005Conflict491-504.pdf>
• David C. Rapoport (1984) Fear and Trembling: Terrorism in Three Religious Traditions. American Political Science Review. 78(3), 658–677 <EReadings/Rapoport1984Fear.pdf>

13.1.Rogues (109 Pages)

• Michael E. O’Hanlon (2004) The Afghani War: A Flawed Masterpiece. In Art and Waltz, 270–280
• Ivan Eland and Daniel Lee (2001) The Rogue State Doctrine and National Missile Defense. CATO Institute , 1-13 pages <EReadings/ElandLee2001The-Rogue.pdf>
• Eric Herring (2000) Rogue rage: Can we prevent mass destruction? Journal of Strategic Studies. 23(1), 188–212 <EReadings/Herring2000Rogue.pdf>
• Anthony Lake (1994) Confronting Backlash States. Foreign Affairs. 73(2), 45–55 <EReadings/Lake1994Confronting.pdf>, ISSN 00157120
• National Security Council (2006) National Security Strategy.  <EReadings/NSC2006NSS.pdf>

13.2.Ending Wars (87 Pages)

• Barbara F. Walter (2004) The Critical Barrier to Civil War Settlement. In Art and Waltz, 436–449
• Charles King (1997) Ending civil wars. Oxford: Oxford University Press <EReadings/King1997Ending011-083.pdf>, 11–83, ISBN 0198293437

Reread

• Baker and Hamilton The Iraq Study Group report, 1–96
• Goemans War and punishment, 3–18
• Goemans War and punishment, 310–324

14.1.Future Causes (77 Pages)

• Barry R. Posen (2004) Military Responses to Refugee Disasters. In Art and Waltz, 415–435
• Richard K. Betts (2002) Transnational Tensions: Migration, Resources, and Environment. In Betts Conflict after the Cold War, 463–466
• Myron Weiner (2002) Security, Stability, and Migration. In Betts Conflict after the Cold War, 467–482
• John K. Cooley (2002) The War Over Water. In Betts Conflict after the Cold War, 483–492
• Thomas F. Homer-Dixon (2002) Environmental Changes as Causes of Acute Conflict. In Betts Conflict after the Cold War, 493–508
• Benjamin R. Barber (2002) Jihad Vs. McWorld. In Betts Conflict after the Cold War, 558–567

14.2.Future of War (69 Pages)

• Francis Fukuyama (2002) The End of History? In Betts Conflict after the Cold War, 5–16
• John J. Mearsheimer (2002) Why We will Soon Miss the Cold War. In Betts Conflict after the Cold War, 17–32
• John Mueller (2002) The Obsolescence of Major War. In Betts Conflict after the Cold War, 128–140
• Samuel P. Huntington (2002) The Clash of Civilizations? In Betts Conflict after the Cold War, 207–224
• Robert O. Keohane and Joseph S. Nye (2002) Power, Interdependence, and the Information Age. In Betts Conflict after the Cold War, 548–557