M. A. Bedau, "Weak Emergence". In James Tomberlin, ed., Philosophical Perspectives: Mind, Causation, and World, vol. 11 (Blackwell Publishers), 1997, pp. 375-399.

An innocent form of emergence--here called "weak emergence"--is now a commonplace in a thriving interdisciplinary nexus of scientific activity (sometimes called the "sciences of complexity") that include connectionist modelling, non-linear dynamics (popularly known as "chaos" theory), and artificial life. After defining it, illustrating it in two contexts, and reviewing the available evidence, this paper concludes that the scientific and philosophical prospects for weak emergence are bright.