Introduction to simple models of complex systems: cellular automata.

Stephen Wolfram. 1984. Universality and complexity in cellular automata. Physica D 10: 1-35.

The edge of chaos in cellular automata.

Christopher G. Langton. 1992. Life at the edge of chaos. In C. G. Langton, C. Taylor, J. D. Farmer, & S. Rasmussen, eds., Artificial Life II (pp. 41-90). Redwood City CA: Addison-Wesley.

Universal laws of evolution: towards a grand unified theory of complex adaptive systems.

Andreas Rechtsteiner & Mark A. Bedau. 1999. A generic neutral model for quantitative comparison of genotypic evolutionary activity. In D. Floreano, J.-D. Nicoud, & F. Moldada, eds., Advances in Artificial Life: Fifth European Conference, ECAL'99, Proceedings (pp. 109-118). Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag.

The edge of chaos in random boolean networks.

Stuart A. Kauffman. 1990. Requirements for evolvability in complex systems: orderly dynamics and frozen components. Physica D 42: 135-152.

Punctuated equilibria and open-ended evolution in the evolving iterated prisoner's dilemma.

Kristian Lindgren. 1992. Evolutionary phenomena in simple dynamics. In C. G. Langton, C. Taylor, J. D. Farmer, & S. Rasmussen, eds., Artificial Life II (pp. 295-312). Redwood City CA: Addison-Wesley.

Evolving agent interactions and open-ended evolution in Holland's Echo model.

John H. Holland. 1992. Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems, 2nd edition (revised), pp. 184-198. Cambridge MA: MIT Press.

Peter T. Hreaber, Terry Jones, & Stephanie Forrest. 1997. The ecology of Echo. Artificial Life 3: 165-190.

Evolution and ecology in Ray's Tierra model.

Thomas S. Ray, "Evolution, Ecology, and the Optimization of Digital Organisms". Santa Fe Institute Working Paper 92-08-042. Available on the web through the site http://www.hip.atr.co.jp/~ray/pubs/pubs.html.

Long-term evolutionary trends in artificial and natural systems.

M. A. Bedau, E. Snyder, C. T. Brown, and N. H. Packard. 1997. A comparison of evolutionary activity in artificial systems and in the biosphere. In P. Husbands and I. Harvey, eds., Fourth European Conference on Artificial Life (pp. 125-134). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

M. A. Bedau, E. Snyder, and N. H. Packard. 1998. A classification of long-term evolutionary dynamics. In C. Adami, R. Belew, H. Kitano, and C. Taylor, eds., Artificial Life VI (pp. 228-237). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

The environment for evolution: conceptual foundations and quantitative methods.

J. A. Fletcher, M. Zwick, and M. A. Bedau. 1996. Dependence of adaptability on environmental structure in a simple evolutionary model. Adaptive Behavior 4: 283-315.

J. A. Fletcher, M. A. Bedau, and M. Zwick. 1997. Effect of environmental structure on evolutionary adaptation. In C. Adami, R. Belew, H. Kitano, and C. Taylor, eds., Artificial Life VI (pp. 189-198). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Adaptation to the edge of chaos.

N. H. Packard. 1988. Adaptation toward the edge of chaos. In J. Kelso, A. Mandell, and M. Shlesinger, eds., Dynamic Patterns in Complex Systems (pp. 293-301). World Scientific.

M. Mitchell, J. P. Crutchfield, and P. T. Hraber. 1994. Dynamics, Computation, and the "Edge of Chaos": A Re-Examination. In G. Cowan, D. Pines, and D. Meltzer, eds., Complexity: Metaphors, Models, and Reality (pp. 497-513). Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

M. A. Bedau. 1995. Three illustrations of artificial life's working hypothesis. In W.Banzhaf and F. H. Eeckman, eds., Evolution and Biocomputation: Computational Models of Evolution (pp. 53-68). Berlin: Springer-Verlag.

M. A. Bedau and R. Seymour. 1994. Adaptation of mutation rates in a simple model of evolution. In R. Stonier and X. Yu, eds., Complex Systems: Mechanism of Adaptation (pp. 37-44). Amsterdam: IOS Press.

Further studies in complex adaptive systems: artificial economics.

W. B. Arthur. 1995. Complexity in economics and financial markets. Complexity 1: 20-25.

W. B. Arthur, J. H. Holland, B. LeBaron, R. Palmer, and P. Taylor. 1996. Asses pricing under endogenous expectations in an artificial stock market. Working paper 96 -12-093, Santa Fe Institute.

S. Joshi, J. Parker, and M. A. Bedau. 1999. Financial markets can be at sub-optimal equilibria. Working paper 99-03-023, Santa Fe Institute. To appear in Computational Economics.

Further studies in complex adaptive systems: cultural evolution.

Mike Best's work...

Philosophical foundations of the study of complex adaptive systems.

emergence?

what is life?

mind?