Puzzles, straightening honeycombs, and adding matrices

Allen Knutson

Given the three kinds of puzzle pieces pictured below, define a puzzle to be a decomposition of a triangle into puzzle pieces (such that the edges match up, like in a jigsaw puzzle). Call a puzzle ``rigid'' if there is no other puzzle with the same outer boundary. A lot can be proven about puzzles (we'll do (1) and (2) in the talk): 1. The number of 0s on one side equals the number of 0s on each of the other two sides - see if you can prove this one before the talk! 2. The lines in the puzzle pieces can all be simultaneously straightened (as in the right-hand picture below) if and only if the puzzle is rigid 3. There is an easy 1:1 correspondence between rigid puzzles and inequalities on the eigenvalues of the sum of two Hermitian matrices, given only the eigenvalues of each one individually 4. The statement ``Given four generic lines in space, there are exactly two others that touch all four,'' and others like it, can be turned into puzzle-counting statements.