Course Description and Goals
This course examines contemporary problems of war and peace from a historical and theoretical perspective. What were the causes of
war in the past and what can we learn from that experience? What strategies do actors in the international system use to employ force,
and how have they changed in the nuclear age? What are the current problems facing decisionmakers today? The course begins with a
review of political, psychological, organizational, cultural, and economic theories of the causes of war, then uses these theories to
examine the origins and character of both historical and contemporary conflicts, including the First and Second World Wars and
the Iraq War. It continues by examining the effects on conflict of the nuclear revolution. The course concludes by
examining the major contemporary threats to national and international security that may be faced in the coming
decade.
Students will learn to perform basic research and analysis through writing and thinking about conflict from multiple different
perspectives. Readings are drawn from historic and contemporary scholars of strategy, war, and politics, cover a wide variety of issues,
and are presented in context with historical and contemporary events. Assignments are a mixture of analysis, research, and
experiential learning.
Requirements
Class Participation
Students are required to actively participate in the class; they will have the opportunity to do so both during and outside of
classroom hours. Beginning the third week of class, each student will be assigned to three days during the semester
in which they will author a short reaction memo (300-400 words) expressing an opinion about that day’s readings.
These are NOT summaries; rather, they should attempt to agree or disagree with or compare and contrast the readings.
This should be posted in the forums on the course website by 8 PM the day before the readings are to be discussed.
ALL students are required to read the memos and be prepared to respond to them the next day in class. Students
are encouraged to respond to the postings online as part of their participation. Students that miss class for whatever
reason may make up the class by posting a memo to the course website for the day they missed, demonstrating that
they did, in fact, do all the reading, but were desperately trapped under something heavy and thus could not make
it.
Readings
Readings for the course are drawn from books available at the bookstore as well as E-Readings, which can be downloaded off
the course website. Readings marked “Cases” are required, but should be read after any more theoretical articles.
Readings marked “Further” are other relevant articles; they are not required for class. Students who have a particular
interest in the topics in question are encouraged to read these articles and to incorporate them into their assignments. I
encourage all students to use EndNote to download the class readings, take notes, and use for citing works in their
papers. CUS has a page on Installing EndNote at Reed as well as a Basic Usage Guide online. However, laptops are not
permitted in class unless you are taking notes and are willing to post those notes at the end of each class to the Moodle
site.
Three books are for sale at the bookstore and are also on reserve at the library; Note that either the (black) 2002 second
edition, the (red) 2005 updated second edition of Betts are fine. The relevant part (that is, all of it minus the initial
commentary) of The Art of War is available on E-Readings as well, so purchasing the book is recommended, not required.
Finally, those who are generally interested in the study of war classics may wish to purchase a copy of Clausewitz;
make sure that you get the version edited by Michael Howard and Peter Paret, not the bowdlerized version by Anatol
Rapoport.
Required
- Richard K. Betts, editor (2002) Conflict after the Cold War: Arguments on Causes of War and Peace. 2nd edition.
New York, NY: Longman <http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/46319630>, ISBN 0321081706
- Robert J. Art and Kenneth N. Waltz, editors (2004) The Use of Force: Military Power and International Politics.
6th edition. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield <http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/52039593>, ISBN 0742525570
|
Course Website
Frequent reading of the course website will be helpful for success in the class. Discussion and collaboration with your peers is
available to you through the website as well as in class; supplemental and core readings will be made available there; and assignments
will be turned in electronically using the site.
Assignments and Quals
There are two formal assignments for this course. More details regarding the assignments will be available later. If you intend to qual
in this course, you must let me know the first day. In general, I look for four things in an essay: A clear argument in the
introductory paragraph, an explanation of the theories that you will be using, an illustration of your argument with
direct examples, and a conclusion that discusses the implications of your findings. Note that word counts include your
bibliography.
-
The
first
assignment
(due
Fri,
March
18,
the
end
of
week
7)
will
be
a
short
(1500-2000
word)
essay
-
The
second
assignment
(due
Thu,
May
5,
the
end
of
week
14)
will
be
a
longer
(2000-3000
word)
essay
Citation and Plagiarism
A major goal of this course is to encourage good reading, research, and citation habits. Good research requires good documentation of
sources and the ability to put one’s own analysis and thoughts into a paper rather than relying on others. When in doubt as to whether
you should cite something, always do it. Citations are required for ideas as well as facts, and are imperative even if you are not directly
quoting authors. Make sure that you provide as specific a citation as possible; if an author discusses an idea in one
section or one page, cite the specific section or page instead of the full article or book. I usually recommend that
students use in-text author-date citation with full Chicago Manual of Style citations; see their Citation Quick Guide: <http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools˙citationguide.html>.
However, style is less important than the cites being present. If you use an idea or a fact without attribution, you are plagiarizing
someone else’s work. Plagiarism and cheating are violations of academic integrity and thus violations of Reed’s Honor Principle. As
specified by Reed’s academic conduct policy, such violations will result in disciplinary actions, including suspension or permanent
dismissal from the College. Plagiarism is submitting a piece of work which in part or in whole is not entirely the student’s
own work without attributing those same portions to their correct source. For examples of plagiarism and how to
avoid it, see <http://www.csub.edu/ssric-trd/howto/plagiarism.htm> For more information on Reed’s policies see: <http://www.reed.edu/academic/gbook/comm˙pol/acad˙conduct.html>.
Plagiarism often comes as the result of a student being up against a deadline without being able to meet it. If you are having
trouble meeting a deadline for whatever reason, please contact me. Because every assignment is a paper that will be
handed out well in advance, I have no problem giving extensions. It is always better to ask for more time than to
plagiarize.
Accommodations
If you’d like to request academic accommodations due to a disability, please contact Learning Resources Director Heather Stout,
Dorothy Johansen House, 503-517-7921, stouth@reed.edu. If you have a letter from Student Services, please let me know so we can
discuss those accommodations.
1-Feb: 01.1. Introduction (26 Pages)
-
J. David
Singer (1960)
International
Conflict:
Three
Levels
of
Analysis. World
Politics. 12(3)April,
453–461
<http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2009401>,
ISSN
00438871
-
Kenneth N.
Waltz (1979)
Chap. 1
in
Theory
of
International
Politics.
1st edition.
New
York,
NY:
McGraw-Hill,
1–17,
ISBN
0201083493
3-Feb: 01.2. Is War Inevitable? (56 Pages)
-
Richard K.
Betts (2002)
International
Realism:
Anarchy
and
Power. In
Betts
Conflict
after
the
Cold
War,
33–36
-
Thucydides (0400
BC)
The
Melian
Dialogue. In
Betts
Conflict
after
the
Cold
War,
37–41
-
Niccolò
Machiavelli (1512)
Doing
Evil
in
Order
to
Do
Good. In
Betts
Conflict
after
the
Cold
War,
42–46
-
Thomas
Hobbes (1651)
The
State
of
Nature
and
the
State
of
War. In
Betts
Conflict
after
the
Cold
War,
47–50
-
Immanuel
Kant (1795)
Perpetual
Peace. In
Betts
Conflict
after
the
Cold
War,
103–109
-
William
James (1910)
The
Moral
Equivalent
of
War. In
Betts
Conflict
after
the
Cold
War,
145–151
-
Norman
Angell (1913)
The
Great
Illusion. In
Betts
Conflict
after
the
Cold
War,
232–233
-
Edward Hallett
Carr (1939)
Realism
and
Idealism. In
Betts
Conflict
after
the
Cold
War,
51–67
-
Margaret
Mead (1940)
Warfare
Is
Only
an
Invention
-
Not
a
Biological
Necessity. In
Betts
Conflict
after
the
Cold
War,
165–169
Part I: The Causes of War: WWI and Iraq
8-Feb: 02.1. History: World War I and Iraq (154 Pages)
-
Barbara W.
Tuchman (1962)
Chap. 1-9
in
The
Guns
of
August. New
York,
NY:
Macmillan,
88.
Read
chapters
2-4,
6-7,
+
9,
skim
1,
5,
+
8
-
Thomas E
Ricks (2006)
Chap. 4-6
in
Fiasco:
The
American
Military
Adventure
in
Iraq. New
York:
Penguin
Press,
46–111,
ISBN
159420103X
Further
-
Bob
Woodward (2004)
Chap.
24-25
in
Plan
of
Attack. New
York:
Simon
&
Schuster,
253–274,
ISBN
074325547X
10-Feb: 02.2. Grand Theories of War (112 Pages)
-
Carl
von Clausewitz;
Michael Eliot
Howard
and
Peter
Paret,
editors (1976)
Chap.
1.1-1.2
In
von
Clausewitz
On
War,
75–99
-
B. H. Liddell
Hart (1971)
Foreword. In
Tzu
The
Art
of
War,
v–vii
-
Sun
Tzu;
Samuel B.
Griffith,
editor (1971)
Chap.
I-XIII
In
Tzu
The
Art
of
War,
63–149
Further
-
Robert J.
Art (1996)
The
Fungibility
of
Force. In
Art
and
Waltz
The
Use
of
Force. chapter 1,
3–22
15-Feb: 03.1. International Politics-Power Balancing (83 Pages)
-
Geoffrey
Blainey (1973)
Power,
Culprits,
and
Arms. In
Betts
Conflict
after
the
Cold
War,
87–98
-
Kenneth N.
Waltz (1988)
The
Origins
of
War
in
Neorealist
Theory. In
Betts
Conflict
after
the
Cold
War,
68–74
-
John J.
Mearsheimer (2001)
The
Causes
of
Great
Power
War. In
The
Tragedy
of
Great
Power
Politics.
New
York,
NY:
Norton,
ISBN
0393020258. chapter 9,
334–359
Cases
Further
-
Stephen M.
Walt (1987)
Alliances:
Balancing
and
Bandwagoning. In
Robert J.
Art
and
Robert
Jervis,
editors
International
Politics:
Enduring
Concepts
and
Contemporary
Issues.
7th edition.
New
York,
NY:
Pearson/Longman,
ISBN
0321209478,
96–103
-
Scott D.
Sagan (1986)
1914
Revisited. In
Betts
Conflict
after
the
Cold
War,
416–428
17-Feb: 03.2. International Politics-Power Transitions (80 Pages)
-
Robert
Gilpin (1981)
Hegemonic
War
and
International
Change. In
Betts
Conflict
after
the
Cold
War,
75–86
-
Jack S.
Levy (1987)
Declining
Power
and
the
Preventive
Motivation
for
War. World
Politics. 40(1)October,
82–107
<http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2010195>
-
Frederick W.
Kagan (2003)
War
Sooner
Rather
than
War
Later. Weekly
Standard.March
3,
19–20
Cases
Further
-
Imanuel
Geiss (1966)
The
Outbreak
of
the
First
World
War
and
German
War
Aims. Journal
of
Contemporary
History. 1(3)July,
75–91
-
Paul M.
Kennedy (1984)
The
First
World
War
and
the
International
Power
System. International
Security. 9(1)Summer,
7–40
<http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2538634>
-
Richard Ned
Lebow (1984)
Windows
of
Opportunity:
Do
States
Jump
Through
Them?
International
Security. 9(1)Summer,
147–186
<http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2538638>
22-Feb: 04.1. International Politics-Money (100 Pages)
-
Richard K.
Betts (2002)
Economic:
Interests
and
Interdependence. In
Betts
Conflict
after
the
Cold
War,
225–228
-
Joseph
Schumpeter (1919)
Imperialism
and
Capitalism. In
Betts
Conflict
after
the
Cold
War,
249–257
-
V. I.
Lenin (1939)
Imperialism,
the
Highest
Stage
of
Capitalism. In
Betts
Conflict
after
the
Cold
War,
242–248
-
Geoffrey
Blainey (1973)
Paradise
Is
a
Bazaar. In
Betts
Conflict
after
the
Cold
War,
234–241
-
Kenneth N.
Waltz (1979)
Structural
Causes
and
Economic
Effects. In
Betts
Conflict
after
the
Cold
War,
270–279
-
Richard
Rosecrance (1986)
Trade
and
Power. In
Betts
Conflict
after
the
Cold
War,
280–292
Cases
Further
-
Niccolò
Machiavelli (1517)
Money
Is
Not
the
Sinews
of
War,
Although
It
Is
Generally
So
Considered. In
Betts
Conflict
after
the
Cold
War,
229–231
-
Alan S.
Milward (1977)
War
as
Policy. In
Betts
Conflict
after
the
Cold
War,
258–269
24-Feb: 04.2. International Politics-Technology (110 Pages)
-
Richard K.
Betts (2002)
Strategy:
Military
Technology,
Doctrine,
and
Stability. In
Betts
Conflict
after
the
Cold
War,
375–378
-
Robert
Jervis (1978)
Cooperation
Under
the
Security
Dilemma. In
Betts
Conflict
after
the
Cold
War,
400–415
-
Jack S.
Levy (1984)
The
Offensive/Defensive
Balance
of
Military
Technology. In
Betts
Conflict
after
the
Cold
War,
429–440
-
Stephen
Van Evera (1998)
Offense,
Defense,
and
the
Causes
of
War. In
Art
and
Waltz
The
Use
of
Force. chapter 3,
44–69
Cases
1-Mar: 05.1. Domestic Politics (95 Pages)
-
Jack S.
Levy (1988)
Domestic
Politics
and
War. Journal
of
Interdisciplinary
History. 18(4)Spring,
653–673
<http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/204819>
-
Edward D.
Mansfield
and
Jack
Snyder (1995)
Democratization
and
War. In
Betts
Conflict
after
the
Cold
War,
335–347
Cases
-
Jack
Snyder (1984)
The
Cult
of
the
Offensive
in
1914. In
Art
and
Waltz
The
Use
of
Force. chapter 9,
121–137
-
Chaim
Kaufmann (2004)
Threat
Inflation
and
the
Failure
of
the
Marketplace
of
Ideas:
The
Selling
of
the
Iraq
War. International
Security. 29(1)Summer,
5–48
<http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/0162288041762940>
Further
-
Arno J.
Mayer (1967)
Domestic
Causes
of
the
First
World
War. In
Leonard
Krieger
and
Fritz
Stern,
editors
The
Responsibility
of
Power:
Historical
Essays
in
Honor
of
Hajo
Holborn.
Garden
City,
NY:
Doubleday,
ISBN
0333015193,
286–300
3-Mar: 05.2. Organizations (115 Pages)
-
Barry R.
Posen (1984)
The
Sources
of
Military
Doctrine. In
Art
and
Waltz
The
Use
of
Force. chapter 2,
23–43
-
Jack S.
Levy (1986)
Organizational
Routines
and
the
Causes
of
War. International
Studies
Quarterly. 30(2)June,
193–222
<http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2600676>
Cases
8-Mar: 06.1. Culture (122 Pages)
-
Hedley
Bull (1968)
Society
and
Anarchy
in
International
Relations. In
Betts
Conflict
after
the
Cold
War,
110–120
-
Ernest
Gellner (1983)
Nations
and
Nationalism. In
Betts
Conflict
after
the
Cold
War,
324–334
-
Alexander
Wendt (1992)
Anarchy
Is
What
States
Make
of
It. In
Betts
Conflict
after
the
Cold
War,
170–190
Cases
Further
10-Mar: 06.2. Psychology (87 Pages)
-
Richard K.
Betts (2002)
Psychology
and
Culture:
Unconscious
Sources
of
Conflict
and
Conscious
Norms. In
Betts
Conflict
after
the
Cold
War,
141–144
-
Sigmund
Freud (1932)
Why
War?
In
Betts
Conflict
after
the
Cold
War,
152–159
-
Franco
Fornari (1966)
The
Psychoanalysis
of
War. In
Betts
Conflict
after
the
Cold
War,
160–164
-
Robert
Jervis (1988)
War
and
Misperception. Journal
of
Interdisciplinary
History. 18(4)Spring,
675–700
<http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/204820>
Cases
Further
-
Richard Ned
Lebow (1981)
Chap. 5
in
Between
Peace
and
War:
The
Nature
of
International
Crisis. Baltimore,
MD:
Johns
Hopkins
University
Press,
101–147,
ISBN
0801823110
15-Mar: 07.1. No Class
17-Mar: 07.2. No Class
22-Mar: 08.1. Spring Break
24-Mar: 08.2. Spring Break
Part II: From WWII to Nuclear Weapons
29-Mar: 09.1. Deterrence (104 Pages)
-
John J.
Mearsheimer (1983)
Conventional
deterrence. In
Conventional
deterrence.
Ithaca,
NY:
Cornell
University
Press,
ISBN
0801415691. chapter 2,
23–66
Cases
-
John J.
Mearsheimer (1983)
Hitler
and
the
Blitzkrieg
Strategy. In
Art
and
Waltz
The
Use
of
Force. chapter 10,
138–152
-
George
Sansom (1948)
Japan’s
Fatal
Blunder. In
Art
and
Waltz
The
Use
of
Force. chapter 11,
153–164
-
Janice Gross
Stein (1992)
Deterrence
and
Compellence
in
the
Gulf,
1990-91:
A
Failed
or
Impossible
Task?
International
Security. 17(2)Autumn,
147–179
<http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2539171>
Further
-
Joseph S.
Nye,
Jr. (2000)
The
Failure
of
Collective
Security
and
World
War
II. In
Nye
Understanding
international
conflicts. chapter 4,
81–107
-
Scott D.
Sagan (1988)
The
Origins
of
the
Pacific
War. Journal
of
Interdisciplinary
History. 18(4)Spring,
893–922
<http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/204828>,
ISSN
00221953
31-Mar: 09.2. Compellence (90 Pages)
-
Alexander L.
George (1991)
Coercive
Diplomacy. In
Art
and
Waltz
The
Use
of
Force. chapter 4,
70–76
Cases
-
Louis
Morton (1957)
The
Decision
to
Use
the
Atomic
Bomb. In
Art
and
Waltz
The
Use
of
Force. chapter 12,
165–180
-
Steven L.
Burg (2003)
Coercive
Diplomacy
in
the
Balkans. In
Art
and
Waltz
The
Use
of
Force. chapter 16,
247–269
-
Robert A.
Pape (1990)
Coercive
Air
Power
in
the
Vietnam
War. International
Security. 15(2)Autumn,
103–146
<http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2538867>
Further
-
Robert A.
Pape (1993)
Why
Japan
Surrendered. International
Security. 18(2)Autumn,
154–201
<http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2539100>
-
Robert Anthony
Pape (1996)
Bombing
to
Win:
Air
Power
and
Coercion
in
War. Ithaca,
NY:
Cornell
University
Press,
Cornell
studies
in
security
affairs,
All,
ISBN
0801431344
5-Apr: 10.1. Nuclear Diplomacy (92 Pages)
-
Morton H.
Halperin (1963)
The
Korean
War. In
Art
and
Waltz
The
Use
of
Force. chapter 13,
181–196
-
McGeorge
Bundy (1984)
The
Unimpressive
Record
of
Atomic
Diplomacy. In
Art
and
Waltz
The
Use
of
Force. chapter 6,
85–93
-
Roger
Dingman (1988-1989)
Atomic
Diplomacy
during
the
Korean
War. International
Security. 13(3)Winter,
50–91
<http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2538736>
-
Robert
Jervis (1988)
The
Utility
of
Nuclear
Deterrence. In
Art
and
Waltz
The
Use
of
Force. chapter 7,
94–101
-
Kenneth N.
Waltz (1990)
Nuclear
Myths
and
Political
Realities. In
Art
and
Waltz
The
Use
of
Force. chapter 8,
102–118
Further
-
Graham T.
Allison (1969)
Conceptual
Models
and
the
Cuban
Missile
Crisis. American
Political
Science
Review. 63(3)September,
689–718
<http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1954423>
-
David A.
Welch,
James G.
Blight,
and
Bruce J.
Allyn (1989/1990)
The
Cuban
Missile
Crisis. In
Art
and
Waltz
The
Use
of
Force. chapter 14,
197–220
-
William
Burr
and
Jeffrey T.
Richelson (2000/2001)
Whether
to
”strangle
the
baby
in
the
cradle”
-
The
United
States
and
the
Chinese
Nuclear
Program,
1960-64. International
Security. 25(3)Winter,
54–99
<http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/016228800560525>
-
Scott D.
Sagan (2000)
The
Commitment
Trap:
Why
the
United
States
Should
Not
Use
Nuclear
Threats
to
Deter
Biological
and
Chemical
Weapons
Attacks. International
Security. 24(4)Spring,
85–115
<http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/016228800560318>
7-Apr: 10.2. Nuclear Defense (78 Pages)
-
Samuel P.
Huntington (1958)
Arms
Races:
Prerequisites
and
Results. In
Betts
Conflict
after
the
Cold
War,
379–399
-
Charles H.
Fairbanks,
Jr.
and
Abram N.
Shulsky (1987)
Arms
Control:
The
Historical
Experience. In
Betts
Conflict
after
the
Cold
War,
441–450
-
Barry R.
Posen (1997)
What
if
Iraq
Had
Nuclear
Weapons?
In
Art
and
Waltz
The
Use
of
Force. chapter 23,
353–369
-
Victor A.
Utgoff (2002)
Missile
Defence
and
American
Ambitions. In
Art
and
Waltz
The
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